THE TEMPORAL COORDINATION IN INFANT SOCIAL ACTIONS

在开始说话之前，婴儿社会行动的发展中的交际意义的一个指标是他们的时间协调。 一种类型的时间协调在动作（例如，发声）在另一个过程期间开始和结束（例如，母亲的凝视）。 这种时间嵌入模式表明，这两个动作是一个表达事件的一部分。 拟议的项目将使用一个新的软件模拟自举程序文件嵌入和其他模式的时间协调婴儿的社会行动。 将在3、6和9个月时纵向观察50名婴儿与其母亲在面对面静止面部程序中的互动。 描述性编码将被用来分类婴儿的发声和面部表情的情感基调。婴儿注视的方向将被编码为朝向母亲的脸/眼睛或远离。 互惠嵌入的模式被假设为在所有对行为模式的行动。 例如，婴儿在凝视母亲的面部时，会被期望开始和结束面部表情;但婴儿在凝视母亲的面部表情时，也会被期望开始和结束凝视。 结合自举程序的软件在每种模态内独立地模拟婴儿动作的时间进展，创建具有模态之间协调的随机水平的多个模拟会话。 它将表明婴儿是否以大于偶然的水平嵌入社会行为。 随着年龄的增长，随着婴儿成为更有能力的沟通者，预计时间嵌入会增加。 当婴儿因母亲在静止面部程序中无反应而受挫时，嵌入预期会减少。 嵌入模式的相对强度涉及有效的积极和消极行动将进行对比，以阐明各自的表达清晰度。 总之，一种新的方法将被用来确定嵌入事件是否发生在大于机会水平1）整体，2）在互动过程中，而不是一个母亲静止的脸，3）在不同的年龄，和4）在不同的有效色调对社会行动。 该项目的一个长期目标是收集试点数据，供今后调查婴儿和母亲之间的时间协调（例如，轮流）。 这将为探索自闭症和唐氏综合症等婴儿沟通障碍引起的协调缺陷以及抑郁症等孕产妇风险因素引起的协调缺陷开辟道路。

Before the onset of speech, an index of the developing communicative significance of infant social actions is their temporal coordination. One type of temporal coordination occurs when an action (e.g., a vocalization) both begins and ends during the course of another (e.g., a gaze at mother). This pattern of temporal embedding suggests the two actions are part of a single expressive event. The proposed project will use a new software simulation bootstrapping procedure to document embedding and other patterns in the temporal coordination of infant social actions. 50 infants will be observed longitudinally at 3, 6, and 9 months interacting with their mothers in a face-to-face still- face procedure. Descriptive coding will be used to categorize infant vocalizations and facial expressions by affective tone. Direction of infant gaze will be coded as at mother's face/eyes or away. Patterns of reciprocal embedding are hypothesized for actions in all pairs of behavioral modalities. Infants are expected, for example, to begin and end facial expressions in the course of a gaze at mother's face; but they are also expected to begin and end gazes at mother in the course of a facial expression. Software incorporating a bootstrapping procedure simulates the temporal progression of infant actions independently within each modality, creating multiple simulated sessions with random levels of between modality coordination. It will indicate whether infants reciprocally embed social actions at greater than chance levels. Increases in temporal embedding are expected with age as infants become more competent communicators. Decreases in embedding are expected when infant's are frustrated by maternal non-responsiveness in the still face procedure. The relative strength of embedded patterns involving effectively positive and negative actions will be contrasted to shed light on their respective expressive clarity. In sum, a new approach will be used to determine whether embedded events occur at greater than chance levels 1) overall, 2) during interaction rather than a maternal still-face, 3) at different ages, and 4) among different effectively toned pairs of social actions. A long term objective of the project is to gather pilot data for future investigations of temporal coordination between infant and mother (e.g., turn-taking). This will open the way for exploration of coordination deficits stemming from infant communicative disorders such as autism and Down syndrome, as well as coordination deficits stemming from maternal risk factors such as depression.