Global Observatory of Lake Responses to Environmental Change (GloboLakes)

全球大约有3.04亿个湖泊。它们为人类的生存提供了必要的资源，是全球生物地球化学循环的重要组成部分。湖泊也是脆弱的系统，对多种压力敏感，包括营养物质富集、气候变化和水文变化，使其成为环境扰动的重要“哨兵”。然而，传统的监测只能从全球湖泊人口的一小部分中获得数据，而要弄清变化的原因，需要从大量湖泊中不断获得数据，并对可能的变化原因进行测量。卫星观测（遥感）和建立一个全球湖泊观测站将使我们探测和确定全世界湖泊变化原因的能力逐步发生变化。现在这是可能的，有三个原因：(1)改进的波段、空间分辨率和卫星传感器数据收集的频率现在足以监测内陆水域；(2)建立了校正大气性质和将探测到的反射光转换为有用的湖泊性质的公式；(3)计算能力已经提高到可以处理来自卫星的近乎实时和存档信息的程度。GloboLakes将分析全球1000多个大型湖泊20年来的数据，以确定“是什么控制了湖泊对环境扰动的不同敏感性”。这是一个雄心勃勃的项目，只有将具有互补技能的科学家联合起来才能实现。其中包括淡水遥感和处理大量卫星图像、整理和分析大规模环境数据、环境统计和评估数据不确定性、淡水生态学和环境变化机制以及制作湖泊模型以预测未来湖泊状况的能力。全球湖泊的八个目标是：(i)发展遥感算法以估计湖泊的生物地球化学和物理参数；（ii）使这些算法可操作并处理卫星数据；（三）编制1000个湖泊气候和流域数据的综合时空信息；整合数据并评估数据来源的不确定性；探测湖泊水质的时空格局；（六）将湖泊反应的原因归结为环境条件；预测湖泊对环境变化的敏感性；将数据应用于湖泊管理和监测淡水资源。该项目将重点关注地表水温度的恢复，因为这对湖泊生态、主要来自集水区的有色溶解有机物质和悬浮固体的浓度、浮游植物的丰度（以色素、叶绿素a的浓度测量）和蓝藻（蓝绿藻）的丰度有根本影响。了解湖泊的条件及其对变化的敏感性对湖泊和水库的管理也极为宝贵，全球湖泊将专门为环境管理人员提供信息和产品。在该项目进行过程中，将发射一颗名为“哨兵2号”的卫星，它将提供更高的空间分辨率，从而可以从更小的湖泊收集和利用数据。globolakes.com将对此进行调查，并将其纳入全球湖泊观测站的框架。

SUMMARYThere are around 304 million lakes globally.These provide essential resources for human survival and are an important component of global biogeochemical cycles. Lakes are also fragile systems that are sensitive to multiple pressures including nutrient enrichment, climate change and hydrological modification, making themimportant'sentinels' of environmental perturbation. However, traditional monitoring has only produced data from a tiny fraction of the global population of lakes and disentangling the causes of change requires consistently-produced data from a large number of lakes, along with measurements of possible causes of change. Satellite observations (remote sensing) and the establishment of a global lake observatory would produce a step-change in our ability to detect and attribute the causes of changes in lakes world-wide. This is now possible for three reasons: (1) the improved wavebands, spatial resolution and frequency of data collection fromsatellitesensorsisnow sufficient to monitor inland waters; (2) formulae to correct for atmospheric properties and to convert the detected reflected light to useful lake properties have been developed; and (3) computing power has increased to the point that allows near realtime and archived information from satellites to be processed. GloboLakes will analyse 20 years of data from more than 1000 large lakes across the globe to determine 'what controls the differential sensitivity of lakes to environmental perturbation'. This is an ambitious project that is only possible by bringing together a consortium of scientists with complementary skills. These include expertise in remote sensing of freshwaters and processing large volumes of satellite images, collation and analysis of large-scale environmental data, environmental statistics and the assessment of data uncertainty, freshwater ecology and mechanisms of environmental change and the ability to produce lake models to forecast future lake conditions. The eight objectives of GloboLakes are to:(i) develop remote sensing algorithms to estimate lake biogeochemical and physical parameters;(ii) make these algorithms operational and process satellite data;(iii) compile integrated spatio-temporal information on climatic and catchment data for >1000 lakes;(iv) integrate data and assess uncertainty in data sources;(v) detect spatial and temporal patterns in lake water quality;(vi) attribute the causes of lake response to environmental conditions;(vii) forecast lake sensitivity to environmental change;(viii) apply data to lake management and the monitoring of freshwater resources.The project will focus on the retrieval of surface water temperature as this has a fundamental effect on lake ecology, the concentration of coloured dissolved organic matter and suspended solids that derive largely from the catchment, the abundance of phytoplankton measured as the concentration of the pigment, chlorophyll a, and the abundance of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can potentially be toxic. Knowledge of the conditions of lakes and their sensitivity to change is also extremely valuable for the management of lakes and reservoirs and GloboLakes will provide information and products specifically for environmental managers. A satellite due to be launched during the course of the project,called Sentinel 2,will provide even greater spatial resolution allowing data to be collected and exploited from even smaller lakes. This will be investigated by GloboLakesand incorporated into the framework of a global lake observatory.