EMERGENCE OF COGNITIVE CONTROL

环境、经验和执行约束对注意力的控制。初步数据表明，注意的执行控制能力存在与不同大脑复杂性相对应的物种差异。猴子对注意力和随后的行为相对容易受到环境限制(即刺激控制)的影响。在本提案中，提出了一系列研究：(A)研究注意力的决定因素以及注意的内源性和外源性控制的种内和种间差异；(B)将注意力的控制与工作记忆和执行功能的物种差异联系起来；(C)评估语言在注意力和执行功能中的作用，部分是通过确定没有语言的猴子和黑猩猩能够注意、计划和监控的程度，以及部分通过检查语言训练后这些技能的改进，确定促进猴子和黑猩猩的受控注意和关系学习的程序；(D)确定改善注意力内源性控制的训练或练习技术；以及(3)将这些行为数据与通过成像、刺激和生化程序揭示的大脑活动模式联系起来。在所有实验中，参与者将通过操纵操纵杆或类似的反应设备对计算机产生的刺激(图片、文字、表格)做出反应。反应时间、反应准确度、反应地形、眼球运动等性能指标将随着一系列变量的剔除而被记录下来。物种、年龄、诊断类别和其他分组变量(例如，记忆广度、注意力分布)也将在分析中使用。预计这些实验的结果将阐明非人类灵长类动物注意力模型的实用性，并将改进注意力理论，因为它在灵长类物种中是明显的。

The control of attention of environmental, experiential, and executive constrains. Preliminary data suggest that species differences corresponding with differences brain complexity exist in the capacity for executive control of attention. Monkeys are relatively susceptible to environmental constraints (i.e., stimulus control) on attention and subsequent behavior. In the present proposal a series of studies are proposed (a) to study the determinants of attention and the within- and between-species differences in the endogenous versus exogenous control of attention; (b) to relate the control of attention to species differences in working memory and executive function; (c) to assess the role of language in attention and executive function in part by determining the degree to which monkeys and chimpanzees without language can attend, plan, and monitor, and in part by examining the improvement in these skills that follow languages training, to identify procedures that promote controlled attention and relational learning in monkeys and chimpanzees; (d) to identify training or practice techniques that improve the endogenous control of attention; and (3) to relate these behavioral data to patterns of brain activity revealed through imaging, stimulation, and biochemical procedures. In all experiments, participants will respond to computer-generated stimuli (pictures, words, forms) by manipulating a joystick or similar response device. Response time, response accuracy, response topography, eye movements and other performance measures will be recorded as a series of variables are eliminated. Species, age, diagnostic category, and other grouping variables (e.g., memory span, attention profile) will also be used in the analyses. It is anticipated that the results of these experiments will elucidate the utility of non-human primate models of attention, and will improve theories of attention as it is manifest across primate species.