The environmental impact of the Mount Polley mine tailings spill and related clean-up operations, British Columbia, Canada

自1970年以来，世界各地发生了70多起重大尾矿库坍塌事故，其中许多事故对生态系统造成了长期破坏，并对靠受影响的河流生活和生计的社区造成重大影响，造成1000多人死亡。由于世界范围内采矿作业的数量不断增加，以及由于气候变化，这些类型的环境越来越容易受到极端事件的影响，这类尾矿坝坍塌造成的环境风险正在增加。这项拟议的研究旨在确定加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省波利山金矿和铜矿2014年8月4日波利山尾矿蓄水失败对环境和地貌的影响。波利山泄漏是有记录以来最大的泄漏之一(1000万立方米的水和450万立方米的含砷、铜、镍和铅的尾矿)，其规模与最近发生在西班牙阿兹纳尔科尔(1998年，尾矿130万立方米)和匈牙利阿杰凯(2010年，600-700万立方米尾矿)的大规模泄漏相同。在大坝失效中，波利山灾难是独一无二的，因为尾矿含有一种不寻常的污染物(砷、铜、金、锰、镍、铅、钒)的混合物，使人们能够在一个事件中研究各种污染物的影响。此外，该地点位于受严冬影响的山区森林集水区，为研究春季积雪融化造成的大量泄漏尾矿的再动员提供了机会。目前没有关于这类尾矿在土壤和沉积物中的短期至长期(数月至数年)行为以及清理行动对其在这类河流环境中行为的影响的数据。迫切需要资金，因为确定这种地球化学行为需要立即确定溢出的尾矿以及受泄漏影响的土壤和沉积物的特征。拟议的研究将通过模拟废物的地球化学稳定性和反应性以及确定泄漏和相关清理行动对陆地和水环境的长期恢复的影响来填补这一知识空白。这将通过为泄漏的尾矿和沉积物以及受泄漏影响的土壤建立一个物理、地球化学和矿物学数据库来实现。这一数据集将为量化金铜尾矿的稳定性和反应性提供重要的基线，并使人们能够预测波利山泄漏和随后的清理行动对环境的长期影响。还将在2015年春季积雪融化之前(2014年秋季)和之后进行航空和地面地貌调查，以制定沉积物预算和向下游受影响地区输送污染物的估计流量。这将是第一次独特的泄漏，污染物的不同寻常的混合物位于一个多山的森林集水区，受到严冬和突出的春季融雪洪水的影响。

Since 1970, over 70 major reported failures of tailings dam impoundments have occurred around the world, and many of these have resulted in long-term damage to ecosystems and significant impact on communities that live beside and rely on impacted rivers for food and livelihood, and the loss of over 1000 lives. The environmental risks from such tailings dam failures are increasing because of the growing number of mining operations world-wide and because of the growing vulnerability of these types of environments to extreme events because of climate change. The proposed research aims to determine the environmental and geomorphological impacts of the August 4th 2014 Mount Polley tailings impoundment failure at the Mount Polley gold and copper Mine in British Columbia, Canada. The Mount Polley spill is one of the largest ever recorded (10 million m3 of water and 4.5 million m3 of arsenic-, copper-, nickel- and lead-bearing tailings), on the same scale as recent large spills in Aznalcollar, Spain (1998, 1.3 million m3 of tailings) and Ajkai, Hungary (2010, 6-7 million m3 of tailings). Among dam failures, the Mount Polley disaster is unique in that that the tailings contain an unusual mixture of contaminants (arsenic, copper, gold, manganese, nickel, lead, vanadium) enabling the impacts of a wide range of contaminants to be studied in a single event. In addition, the site is located within a mountainous forested catchment that is affected by severe winters, providing an opportunity to study remobilization of the very large quantities of spilled tailings due to the spring melting of snow. No data currently exist on the short- to long-term (months to years) behaviour of such tailings in soils and sediments and the effects of clean-up operations on their behaviour in this type of river environment. There is an urgent need for funding as establishing this geochemical behaviour requires immediate characterization of the spilled mine tailings and of the soils and sediments impacted by the spill. The proposed research will fill this knowledge gap by modelling the geochemical stability and reactivity of the wastes and by establishing the impacts of the spill and related clean-up operations on longer-term recovery of terrestrial and aquatic environments. This will be achieved by producing a physical, geochemical, mineralogical database for spilled tailings and sediments and soils affected by the spill. This dataset will provide an essential baseline for quantifying the stability and reactivity of gold-copper tailings, and allow the long-term environmental impacts of the Mount Polley spill and subsequent clean-up operations to be predicted. Airborne and ground-based geomorphological surveys will also be carried out prior to (in autumn 2014), and after the spring 2015 snow melt, to develop a sediment budget and an estimated contaminant flux to downstream affected areas. The results will be the first from a unique spill with an unusual mixture of contaminants located within a mountainous, forested catchment, affected by severe winters with prominent spring snow melt floods.