SLEEP, DEPRESSION, AND HEALTH RELATED BEHAVIORS

计划在这一资助期间进行的研究包括八个独立的 学习。所有这些研究都是为了衡量人际关系 睡眠和与健康相关的行为之间的关系。大部分, 每一项研究都将产生新的，也许是重要的数据， 应该为未来的健康问题提供有用的见解 考虑过了。这些研究中有四项侧重于使用演示的链接 在睡眠和内源性抑郁之间提供进一步和需要的 人类抑郁的两个主要动物模型(即 行为绝望和习得无助感模型)。具体地说，其中两个 这些研究的目的是确定是否诱导 行为绝望或习得性无助改变了 以与正常偏差一致的方式睡眠 电生理模式的特点，患者的睡眠 内源性抑郁。这组中的另外两项研究旨在 测量快速眼动睡眠抑制的影响(即，有 抗抑郁作用)对大鼠表现出的抑郁样行为 在诱导行为绝望或习得性绝望之后 无助。有效的人类抑郁症动物模型的必要性是 很重要也很明显。这组研究的意义在于 他们的结果可能会为一个人的有效性提供不那么含糊的支持 或这两个过程，并通过这样做，增加对他们的信心 在抗抑郁药物治疗研究中的有用性。除了这一点， 一组四项研究，其中两项使用实验室动物进行研究，被提议 澄清因适用程序而产生的问题 或者这两种模式，也就是对疼痛和恐惧的敏感性。 这些研究的结果应该会增强解释数据的能力 使用这两种人类抑郁的动物模型中的任何一种。最后， 已经提出了两项大规模的问卷研究。这其中的一个 寻求获得与理解相关的信息和 纠正睡眠时间和睡眠时间的显著减少 我们在过去两年中记录的大学生素质 几十年，第一次使用了一种既考虑了性别又考虑了性别的设计 和种族认同作为变量。另一份调查问卷是 对我们最近发表的研究进行了放大，旨在 综合衡量吸烟和吸烟之间的关系 睡眠的数量和质量，以允许 某些因素的协变，这些因素混淆了 吸烟与睡眠关系的研究进展 已发表的研究。因此，这两者所产生的知识 调查问卷研究应该被证明是有用的，可以改变 可能会导致睡眠问题。

The research planned for this grant period includes eight separate studies. All of these studies are designed to measure relationships between aspects of sleep and health-related behaviors. For the most part, each of these studies will generate new, and perhaps important, data that should provide useful insights into the health problems that will be considered. Four of these studies focus on using the demonstrated links between sleep and endogenous depression to provide further and needed validation of two major animal models of human depression (i.e., the behavioral despair and learned helplessness models). Specifically, two of these studies are designed to determine whether the induction of either behavioral despair or learned helplessness alters the architecture of sleep in a manner that is consistent with the deviations from normal electrophysiological patterns that characterize the sleep of patients with endogenous depression. The other two studies in this set are designed to measure the effects of REM sleep depression (i.e., a manipulation that has antidepressant effects) on the depressive-like behaviors that rats exhibit subsequent to the induction of either behavioral despair or learned helplessness. The need for valid animal models of human depression is important and obvious. The significance of this set of studies is that their results may provide less ambiguous support for the validity of one or both of these procedures and in so doing, increase confidence in their usefulness in the study of antidepressant treatments. In addition to this set of four studies, two studies using laboratory animals, are proposed to clarify issues that arise from the application of the procedures for one or both of these models, that is, the sensitivity to pain and fearfulness. The results of these studies should enhance the ability to interpret data derived using either of these animal models of human depression. Finally, two large scale questionnaire studies have been proposed. One of these seeks to gain information that is relevant to the understanding and the remediation of the alarming reductions in both the sleep quantity and quality of college students that we have documented over the past two decades, using, for the first time, a design that considers both gender and ethnic identity as variables. The other questionnaire is an amplification of our recently published research that is designed to comprehensively measure the relationships between cigarette smoking and the quantity and the quality of sleep in a manner that permits the covariation of certain factors that have confounded the interpretation of the relationships between cigarette smoking and sleep in previously published studies. Thus the knowledge generated by both of these questionnaire studies should prove to be useful in altering behaviors that may lead to sleep problems.