Unseen but not unfelt: resilience to persistent volcanic emissions (UNRESP). Case study from Masaya volcano, Nicaragua

即使火山没有喷发火山灰或熔岩，它们持续的火山喷发(PVE)也可能是非常危险的。VVE含有极其丰富的酸(例如二氧化硫气体)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)和重金属，是严重和持久的空气污染源。UNRESP的基础阶段将设在尼加拉瓜的Masaya火山，这是世界上最大的火山污染源之一，许多世纪以来一直在人口稠密的地区造成严重的空气污染。UNRESP试图通过引入火山空气污染达到危险水平时的早期预警和缓解程序来减少马萨亚PVE对当地人口的影响。官方发展援助清单上的30多个国家可能正在遭受PVE，但这一危害仍然受到全球南部发展中国家减少灾害风险界的关注。关于应对PVEC的现有知识和最佳做法大多来自全球北部的地点，如夏威夷、意大利和日本，在全球南方的体制应用方面留下了重大空白。虽然Masaya将被用作试点地点，但结果将适用于尼加拉瓜受PVE影响的其他地区，并可供其他国家翻译。我们的目标是建立高度适用、风险人群容易获得的预警程序，并改善科学家、决策者和当地社区之间的沟通。我们将采用利益攸关方优先的方法，这使当地社区能够并鼓励参与建立复原力战略。UNRESP结合了英国和尼加拉瓜研究人员组成的一个庞大的高度跨学科小组的专业知识，他们横跨火山学、环境科学、历史学、人文地理学、社会学和人类学。我们有两个火山观测站作为项目合作伙伴，包括尼加拉瓜的Ineter。UNRESP还涉及代表公共卫生职权范围的项目伙伴，我们的调查结果将与此高度相关。该项目的目标将通过收集新数据和审查先前存在的信息以及在尼加拉瓜的讲习班和外联活动中进行讨论和积极合作来实现。

Even when volcanoes are not erupting ash or lava, their persistent volcanic emissions (PVE) can be highly hazardous. PVE are extremely rich in acids (for example sulphur dioxide gas), fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and heavy metals, presenting a serious and persistent source of air pollution. UNRESP foundation phase will be based at Masaya volcano in Nicaragua, one of the biggest volcanic polluters in the world, which has been causing severe air pollution in populated areas for many centuries. UNRESP seeks to reduce the impact of Masaya's PVE on the local populations by introducing early warning and mitigation procedures for episodes when volcanic air pollution reaches hazardous levels.Over 30 countries on the Official Development Assistance list (ODA) may be suffering from PVE, yet, this hazard remains loverlooked by the Disaster Risk Reduction community in developing countries of the Global South. Most of the existing knowledge and best practices on dealing with PVEC originates from locations in the Global North, such as Hawaii, Italy and Japan, leaving major gaps in their institutional applications to Global South contexts. While Masaya will be used as a pilot location, the results will be applicable to other areas in Nicaragua impacted by PVE, and translatable to other countries. We are aiming to build early-warning procedures which are highly applicable and easily accessible to the populations at risk, and to improve the communication between scientists, decision makers and the local communities. We will apply a stakeholder-first approach, which enables and encourages the local communities to be involved in the building of the resilience strategies.UNRESP combines the expertise of a large and highly interdisciplinary group of UK and Nicaraguan researchers across volcanology, environmental sciences, history, human geography, sociology and anthropology. We have two volcano observatories as project partners, including Nicaragua's INETER. UNRESP also involves project partners representing the remit of public health to which our findings will be highly relevant. The project's objectives will be met through collection of new data and a review of pre-existing information, as well as through discussions and active collaboration at Nicaragua-based workshops and outreach activities.