UK - Solar parks impacts on ecosystem services: implementation

在英国，能源支撑着生活的各个方面，大多数人依赖于获得充足和不间断的能源来满足基本需求（例如取暖和烹饪），并使工作（例如依赖信息技术）和休闲（例如通过交通和社交媒体）成为可能。目前，能源的生产和消费占全球温室气体排放量的75%，因此对气候变化有重大影响。供应充足的能源以满足不断增长的需求，同时向低碳能源过渡以避免危险的气候变化是一项全球性的重大挑战。在英国，我们正处于能源供应的关键时刻，我们的燃煤发电厂将于2025年关闭，计划到2030年退役我们的大部分核电站。这将留下大约50%的能源缺口，并且计划中的新能源工厂不足。在英国，太阳能光伏发电（PV）的容量随着上网电价的提高而呈指数级增长。大多数（58%）光伏系统是地面安装的太阳能公园，其余的是建筑或水上安装的。虽然上网电价已经削减，但通过其他政策措施（如可再生能源义务）和大型能源用户（如自来水公司）直接使用（即不并网）的安装，太阳能发电站的安装仍在继续。此外，行业预测，太阳能公园市场将加速响应：大规模太阳能的成本低于核能，煤炭和天然气;英国政府的工业战略专注于能源成本;电池存储的进步（技术和金融）;与其他可再生能源和水力压裂相比，公众对太阳能的反对程度较低，太阳能公园相对较大的土地占用的一个含义是对托管环境的影响。鉴于大多数太阳能公园都是从集约化管理的低等级农业用地转变为草地，这提供了一个机会，可以提供低碳能源以外的共同利益。加强太阳能公园的管理将有助于法定的自然保护要求（例如，保护受保护物种和《生物多样性公约》规定的国家生物多样性目标），帮助解决生物多样性持续下降的问题，这种情况现在威胁到英国实现爱知2020年目标的能力，以及我们对2030年可持续发展议程下的可持续发展目标的承诺，加强生态系统服务的提供，每年为英国经济提供价值数十亿美元的更广泛的社会效益。该IFP汇集了跨学科和多部门的团队，涵盖生态系统服务，可再生能源，土地管理，规划和政策。我们的目标是将与太阳能公园设计和管理相关的决策支持工具嵌入到政策和实践中。该工作计划将由学术研究人员和最终用户合作执行，包括：㈠评估替代采用途径和支持业务模式; ㈡与最终用户组织一起测试工作流程; ㈢开发该工具的网络版，以增强功能; ㈣在现实环境中试用该工具;及（v）与英国及海外更广泛的持份者社群进一步接触。

Within the UK, energy underpins all aspects of life, with most people reliant on access to abundant and uninterrupted energy for the provision of basic needs (e.g. heating and cooking), and to enable work (e.g. reliance on information technology) and leisure (e.g. through transport and social media). The production and consumption of energy is currently responsible for ~75% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and thus contributes significantly to climate change. Supplying sufficient energy to meet rising demands whilst also transitioning to low carbon sources to avoid dangerous climate change is a global grand challenge. Within the UK we are reaching a critical juncture in energy supply, with the closure of our coal-fired power plants in 2025 and the planned decommissioning of the majority of our nuclear fleet by 2030. This will leave an energy gap of approximately 50% and insufficient new energy plants are planned. The capacity of solar photovoltaics (PV) in the UK exponentially increased in response to the Feed-in-Tariff. The majority (58%) of PV systems are ground-mounted as solar parks, with the remainder being building- or water-mounted. Although the Feed-in-Tariff has been cut, solar park installations have continued through other policy measures (e.g. the renewables obligation) and the installation for direct use (i.e. not grid connected) by large energy users (e.g. water companies). Further, industry predicts that the solar park market will accelerate in response to: the cost of large scale solar undercutting nuclear, coal and gas; the UK Government's Industrial Strategy focus on energy cost; the advancement in battery storage (both technological and financial); and the lower public opposition for solar compared to other renewables and hydraulic fracturing, despite the relatively large land take.One implication of the relatively large land take for solar parks is the impact on the hosting environment. Given that the majority of solar parks are converted from intensively-managed low grade agricultural land to grasslands, this offers an opportunity to deliver co-benefits beyond low carbon energy. Enhanced management of solar parks for would contribute to statutory nature conservation requirements (e.g. conservation of protected species and national biodiversity targets under the Convention on Biological Diversity), help redress the continuing declines in biodiversity that now threaten the UK's ability to meet the Aichi 2020 targets and our commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and enhance the provision of ecosystem services that provide wider societal benefits worth billions per year to the UK economy. This IFP brings together an interdisciplinary and multi-sector team spanning ecosystem services, renewable energy, land management, planning and policy. Our aim is to embed a decision support tool relating to solar park design and management into policy and practice. The work plan, to be carried out by a partnership of academic researchers and end users, includes: (i) an evaluation of alternative adoption pathways and supporting business models, (ii) workflow testing with end user organisations; (iii) development of a web-enabled version of the tool to enhance functionality; (iv) piloting of the tool in real-world settings; and (v) further engagement with the broader stakeholder community within the UK and overseas.