Developing a 'GI4RAQ' platform to predict quantitatively the potential of strategic green infrastructure to improve roadside air quality at planning

空气污染对人类健康构成最大的环境风险，世界上90%的城市人口生活在超过世界卫生组织空气质量准则的城市，室外空气污染每年夺去约300万人的生命。仅在英国，室外空气污染每年就与5万人的死亡有关，而道路交通已被确定为城市地区的罪魁祸首。路边空气质素（RAQ）经常超过空气质素指标，并已成为针对英国政府的诉讼对象，但政府将空气质素的责任下放给地方当局（LAs）。因此伊拉克战争是阿联特别关注的问题。虽然最近的多项研究强调了战略性绿色基础设施（GI）改善RAQ的潜力，但目前缺乏适当的平台来定量预测GI干预措施在规划阶段的高度特定地点的影响；进行了必要的定量研究，但尚未付诸实践。该探路者的目的是通过与目标最终用户的共同设计过程和知情的市场评估，计划一个易于采用的“GI4RAQ”平台（TRL 2至5）的全面开发推向市场。探路者项目目标如下：请参阅“目标”部分了解更多细节和直接映射的里程碑和产出。确认目标最终用户并确保早期采用者的安全。与早期采用者接触，确定所需平台的精确形式3。委托独立市场评估。计划GI4RAQ平台的市场开发（TRL 2至5）伯明翰大学（UoB）森林研究所（BIFoR）将开发该平台。BIFoR与大华大学地理、地球与环境科学学院的同事在以下方面具有专长：空气质量的计算机建模，包括空气质量的具体情况和植被的影响；RAQ的现场测量及其在验证RAQ影响的模型预测中的应用；并通过树木与设计行动小组、林地信托基金和森林与林地咨询委员会的城市网络与建筑环境从业者进行接触。BIFoR的研究人员利用CiTTyCAT计算机模型首次探索了GI改善RAQ的潜力，并在一个密切相关的模型city - street - ufp中添加了超细粒子多组分微物理。他们最近还在对街景的简明描述方面取得了概念上的进展，从而能够容易地诊断街景对RAQ的影响。GI4RAQ平台开发的可能路线包括：整合这些模型和最近的进展，以产生一个单一的开源，免费提供的CiTTyCAT-Street模型；与目标最终用户共同设计一个简单直观的图形用户界面，与“预先验证的参数集”和“结果查找表”相关联，从CiTTyCAT-Street衍生，以便在规划过程中快速做出设计决策。另外，大华银行可以寻求在商业行业标准的城市AQ模型中添加专有代码。模型开发的首选路线将取决于平台的预期吸收，开发的相对速度以及在探路者期间通过最终用户参与，市场评估和在大华银行技术转让办公室（TTO）的帮助下进一步探索确定的知识产权和收入的影响。关键词:BIFoR;自然环境;建筑环境;绿色基础设施;空气质量;人类健康;自然资本;生态系统服务;城市林业;规划;研究;学术、公共和私营部门。利益相关方：BIFoR董事；维和部队指导委员会成员；大华银行;大华大学地理、地球与环境科学学院；大华银行参加;NERC;大伦敦当局；伯明翰市议会；剑桥市议会；其他地方当局；DEFRA;和DCLG。

Air pollution constitutes the greatest environmental risk to human health, with 90% of the world's urban population living in cities exceeding the World Health Organization's air quality (AQ) guidelines and outdoor air pollution claiming approximately 3 million lives each year. In the UK alone, outdoor air pollution is linked to 50,000 deaths annually, and road transport has been identified as the main culprit in urban areas. Roadside air quality (RAQ) often exceeds AQ objectives and has been the subject of litigation against the UK government, but the government devolves responsibility for AQ to local authorities (LAs). RAQ is therefore a particular concern to LAs. Whilst multiple recent studies have highlighted the potential for strategic green infrastructure (GI) to improve RAQ, there is currently a lack of appropriate platform to quantitatively predict the highly location-specific impacts of GI interventions at the planning stage; the requisite quantitative research has been carried out, but not translated into practice. The purpose of this Pathfinder is to plan the full development to market of an easily-adopted 'GI4RAQ' platform (TRL 2 to 5) through a process of co-design with target end-users and informed market assessment.The Pathfinder Project Objectives are listed below; please see 'Objectives' section for more details and directly-mapped Milestones and Outputs.1. Confirm target end-users and secure early-adopters2. Engage with early-adopters to determine precise form of platform required3. Commission independent market assessment4. Plan development of GI4RAQ platform to market (TRL 2 to 5)The University of Birmingham's (UoB's) Institute of Forest Research (BIFoR) will develop the platform. BIFoR, and colleagues from the UoB's School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, has expertise in: computer modelling of AQ, including RAQ specifically and effects of vegetation; in-situ measurements of RAQ and their use in validating model predictions of RAQ impacts; and engagement with built environment practitioners via the Trees and Design Action Group, Woodland Trust and Forest and Woodlands Advisory Committees' Urban Network.BIFoR researchers used the CiTTyCAT computer model to carry out a first exploration of the potential of GI to improve RAQ, and have since added ultrafine particle multicomponent microphysics to a closely-related model, CiTTy-Street-UFP. They have also recently made conceptual advances in the parsimonious description of streetscapes, enabling tractable diagnosis of their effect on RAQ. The likely route of GI4RAQ platform development comprises: consolidation of these models and recent advances to produce a single open-source, freely-available CiTTyCAT-Street model; and the co-design with target end-users of a simple and intuitive graphical user interface, linked to 'pre-validated parameter sets' and 'results look-up tables' derived from CiTTyCAT-Street, for rapid design decision-making in the planning process. The UoB could, alternatively, seek to add proprietorial code to a commercial industry-standard urban AQ model. The preferred route of model development will depend on the expected uptake of the platform, relative speed of development and implications for intellectual property rights and revenue to be determined during the Pathfinder via end-user engagement, market assessment and further exploration with the aid of the UoB Technology Transfer Office (TTO), respectively.Keywords: BIFoR; natural environment; built environment; green infrastructure; air quality; human health; natural capital; ecosystem services; urban forestry; planning; research; academic, public and private sectors.Stakeholders: BIFoR Director; BIFoR Steering Committee members; UoB; UoB School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences; UoB TTO; NERC; Greater London Authority; Birmingham City Council; Cambridge City Council; other local authorities; DEFRA; and DCLG.