What are the impacts of agricultural soil and crop management on greenhouse gas fluxes? - Informing post Brexit agricultural subsidy policy

英国退出欧盟的决定提供了一个机会，可以改变给予农民和其他土地管理者的财政援助，以便激励改善环境、帮助缓解和适应气候的做法。不同的土壤和作物管理措施会影响温室气体(GHG)的排放，这意味着农业生产可能是一个重要的排放源。因此，通过推广已知对温室气体排放贡献较少的做法来利用农业部门的缓解潜力，对于实现该国在《巴黎协定》中承诺的减排目标和目标极其重要。在这里，我们提出了一个关于温带地区土壤和作物管理对温室气体通量影响的证据的系统地图，包括矿物和有机土壤。经过初步搜索和对相关证据基础的了解，我们意识到与该专题有关的研究数量适中，有必要进行系统测绘(即，证据基础很大，但在最近的系统地图中涉及的范围之内)。这张地图将使用既定的、但最先进的方法在环境科学中进行系统测绘，我们将遵循环境证据合作(CEE)的指导和标准。在我们的地图绘制过程中，我们将搜索、整理和编目与温带系统(即与英国相关)耕作对温室气体排放影响有关的研究报告，确定减轻气候变化和促进气候变化的农业实践的证据。这将为改革农业补贴的设计提供参考，使公共资金能够用于最有利于缓解气候变化的活动。将通过使用尖端机器学习、自然语言处理和文本挖掘工具来协助绘制地图，这些工具提供了在进行环境系统地图期间首次应用这些工具的机会，以测试它们在与政策有关的审查中的使用情况，并发展技能和能力。这些技术工具将被用来支持但不是取代人类驱动的系统绘图，以提高效率、降低风险和最大限度地利用遗产，而不会影响中东欧标准所要求的严格性(这些标准目前不适应机器驱动的合成)。此外，还将制作一个交互式可视化平台，使用户能够与地图互动，并选择特定区域进行更详细的检查。此外，机器学习的发展将使相关新发表的研究能够自动识别，从而创建一个正在进行的“活的”证据地图。由证据合成方法、农业政策和创新技术应用方面的专家组成的经验丰富的审查小组将进行地图绘制。将设立一个技术咨询小组，向审查小组提供专题和方法方面的专门知识。将邀请联合王国和权力下放政府的一名代表加入该小组，以确保该地图的政策相关性，并使双边知识交流能够在其编制过程中进行。一个更大的利益相关者群体也将在项目期间参与进来，以最大限度地发挥影响。最后，所有资源都将开放获取，活生生的证据地图将使决策者能够获得最新信息，为政策和补贴提供信息，从而确保项目完成后工作的遗产。

The UK's decision to leave the European Union presents an opportunity to transform the financial assistance given to farmers and other land managers, so that practices that enhance the environment and assist in the mitigation and adaption to climate can be incentivised. Different soil and crop management practices affect the flux of greenhouse gases (GHG), meaning that agricultural production can be a significant source of emissions. As a result, leveraging the mitigation potential in the agricultural sector by promoting practices known to contribute less to GHG emissions is extremely important in meeting the country's emission reduction targets and goals committed to in the Paris Agreement. Here we propose a systematic map of the evidence relating to the impact of soil and crop management of arable land in temperate regions on GHG flux, including both mineral and organic soils. Following preliminary searches and an awareness of related evidence bases we are aware that there is a suitable volume of research related to the topic to warrant systematic mapping (i.e. the evidence base is large but within the limits of that dealt with in recent systematic maps). This map will be produced using established, yet state-of-the-art methods for systematic mapping in environmental sciences and we will follow the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence (CEE) guidance and standards. During our mapping, we will search for, collate and catalogue research studies relating to the impacts of farming in temperate systems (i.e. relevant to the UK) on GHG emissions, identifying evidence for agricultural practices that mitigate against climate change and those that contribute to it. This will inform the design of reformed agricultural subsidies, enabling pubic money to be spent on activities that are the most beneficial in mitigating against climate change. The mapping will be aided by using cutting-edge machine learning, natural language processing and text-mining tools which provides an opportunity to apply these tools for the first time during the conduct of an environmental systematic map, to test their use in policy relevant reviews and to develop skills and capabilities. These technological tools will be used to support but not replace human-driven systematic mapping to increase efficiency, reduce risk and maximise legacy without affecting the rigour demanded by CEE standards (which do not currently cater for machine-driven synthesis). Additionally, an interactive visualisations platform will be produced enable users to interact with the map and select specific areas to examine in more detail. Furthermore, the development of machine learning will enable the automatic recognition of relevant newly published research so that an ongoing 'living' evidence map is created. A highly experienced review team with experts in evidence synthesis methods, agricultural policy and the application of innovative technologies will conduct the mapping. A technical advisory group will be established to support the review team with subject and methodological expertise. A representative from the UK and Devolved Administrations will be invited to join this group in order to ensure the policy relevance of the map and so that bilateral knowledge exchange can occur during its production. A larger stakeholder group will also be engaged during the project to maximise impact. Finally, all resources will be made Open Access, and the living evidence map will enable decision-makers to have access to the most up to date information to inform policies and subsidies, thus ensuring the legacy of the work after the project is completed.