Mobilising Citizens for Adaptation: building local flood resilience through cooperative rainwater harvesting (MOCA)

动员公民适应：通过雨水收集合作(MOCA)建立当地的抗洪能力，探索雨水收集是否以及如何工作，以降低洪水风险。它将通过在英格兰赫尔市周围易受洪水影响的地区进行案例研究来做到这一点。雨水收集是将雨水收集在雨坑、水箱或池塘中，并将其用于另一目的，如冲厕所。雨水收集是解决干旱问题的一种流行手段，特别是在长期缺水的国家。然而，如果附近的许多房产进行雨水收集，这也可能是防止洪水的有效手段。在我们的房子建成之前，落在我们房产上的雨水会浸入地下，或者积水，然后蒸发。现在我们的屋顶和排水沟意味着大雨会非常迅速地流入下水道。有时下水道不够大，不能承受所有的雨水。如果我们能够减少道路上的雨量和/或将雨水挡在下水道之外(或至少减缓它的速度)，那么我们或许能够防止雨水或下水道淹没房屋，以及下水道污染河流。许多英国家庭拥有并操作简单的水龙头，通常在夏天使用收集的雨水来浇灌花园。对于一个有助于防止洪水泛滥的水托来说，在下雨开始时需要有多余的容量。对于人工排空的水龙头来说，这是不能保证的，特别是在花园不需要浇水的冬天。为了解决这一问题，已经开发了一些智能选项，例如，一些选项的排水速度很慢，而另一些选项是由计算机控制的，可以在预报降雨之前释放储存的水。但这带来了一个潜在的困难：如果我们要求家庭和社区安装雨水罐，如果他们的水箱里的水在没有得到他们许可的情况下被释放，他们会有什么感觉？这个关于如何控制水的问题只是许多可能涉及家庭的问题之一，这些家庭可能会被要求安装雨水收集池，以帮助保护他们所在城市的其他人免受洪水侵袭。家庭还可能担心雨水水箱的外观，它会在哪里，谁来为它买单，以及如果它出了问题会发生什么。在这个项目中，我们将与赫尔附近两个不同地区的居民和社区团体合作-一个较富裕，一个较贫穷-但都位于导致下游洪水问题的地点。我们将与家庭和社区团体交谈，探讨雨水是否可以储存在附近，在哪里以及如何储存，以帮助防止下游洪水泛滥。在问“是否”和“在哪里”时，我们会考虑是否有空间在他们的社区建筑附近、在他们的空地或在他们的家中放置坦克或建造池塘。在问“如何”时，我们将探索什么样的池塘或坦克，什么样的外观，谁的成本，谁的控制。我们将向自来水公司和当地政府报告我们的调查结果。如果我们发现雨水收集在案例研究子集水区是可行的，自来水公司和当地政府已经同意继续按照我们的计划安装设备。无论雨水收集在这些特定的子集水区是否可行，我们的发现都将有助于了解雨水收集防洪何时以及如何适应人们的日常生活。

Mobilising Citizens for Adaptation: building local flood resilience through cooperative rainwater harvesting (MOCA) explores whether and how rainwater harvesting could work to reduce flood risk. It will do this through case studies in a flood vulnerable part of England around the city of Hull. Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting rain, in a rain butt, tank or pond and using it for another purpose like flushing the loo. Rainwater harvesting is a popular means of addressing drought, particularly in countries with chronic issues of water shortage. If many nearby properties undertake rainwater harvesting, however, it could also be an effective means of preventing floods. Before our homes were built the rain that falls on our property would have soaked into the ground, or puddled and then evaporated. Now our roofs and drains mean that heavy rain flows very rapidly into the sewer. Sometimes the sewer is not big enough to cope with all the rain. If we can reduce the amount of rain on the roads and/or keep rain out of the sewer (or at least slow it down) then we might be able to prevent rain or sewers flooding homes, and sewers polluting rivers. Many UK householders own and operate 'simple' water butts, typically using collected rainwater for garden watering during summer. For a water butt to help prevent flooding, spare capacity is needed at the start of the rain. This cannot be guaranteed for a manually-emptied water butt, particularly in winter, when gardens do not need watering. 'Smart' options have been developed to address this, for example, some discharge water slowly, while some are computer controlled and release stored water ahead of forecast rain. But this creates a potential difficulty: if we are asking households and communities to take on rainwater tanks, how are they going to feel if the water in 'their' tank is released without their say-so? This question concerning 'how will the water be controlled' is just one of many issues that might concern households who could be asked to take on a rainwater harvesting tank to help protect other people in their city from flooding. Households are also likely to be concerned about the appearance of a rainwater tank, where it would be, who would pay for it, and what would happen if it went wrong. In this project we are going to work with the residents and community groups in two different areas near Hull - one richer and one poorer - but both in locations which contribute to downstream flooding problems. We will talk with households and community groups to explore whether, where and how rainwater could be stored in their neighbourhood to help prevent flooding downstream. In asking 'whether' and 'where' we would be considering whether there is space to put tanks or build ponds near their community buildings, in their open spaces or in their homes. In asking 'how' we would be exploring what sort of ponds or tanks, of what appearance, to whose cost, and under whose control. We will report our findings to the water company and local authority. If we find rainwater harvesting is feasible in the case study sub-catchments, the water company and local authority have agreed to go ahead and fit the devices according to our plan. Whether or not rainwater harvesting turns out to be feasible in these particular sub-catchments, our findings will contribute knowledge about when and how rainwater harvesting for flood prevention can fit in with people's everyday lives.