Mobile integrated greenhouse gas assessment system (MIGGAS): targetting Net Zero.

该提案是关于一个移动的综合温室气体评估系统，以定位和同位素识别温室气体源，并计算排放通量。MIGGAS将能够部署在移动的车辆上，以绘制城市和农村的排放量，或作为现场活动的静态装置。如果申请获得批准，该大学承诺资助开发一种技术先进的高精度中红外无人机安装传感器，直接与MIGGAS合作。英国是承诺到2050年实现净零碳排放的全球领导者。这就要求进行意义深远的变革，查明所有主要温室气体的位置，减少其排放，并将其从大气层中清除。虽然重点通常是二氧化碳，但工业、家庭燃气使用、下水道和垃圾填埋场的甲烷排放也需要大幅减少。此外，CO2和CH 4的收支都需要随着地貌的变化而进行测量，无论是通过泥炭地的恢复、森林覆盖的增加，还是农业土地用途的改变来种植生物燃料。这些变化的整个生命期温室气体收支知之甚少，迫切需要量化。排放通量可以通过涡度协方差或移动的仪器来量化，以绘制排放和模型羽流。MIGGAS将两者兼顾。该仪器将可用于短期活动的现场部署，甲烷和二氧化碳的高频（10 Hz）测量与三维声波风速计耦合，允许使用涡动协方差来计算通量。它也可以部署在移动的平台（汽车或船只）上进行排放测绘。便携式甲烷和二氧化碳分析仪可以精确定位排放物的确切位置，并可以连接到一个腔室，用于非常局部的真实的排放通量计算。RHUL团队在高精度测量现场收集的空气样本中的甲烷同位素比率方面非常有经验，然后在实验室进行分析。增加在现场进行同位素测量的能力可以实现真实的时间源解析，有力地推进特定源识别，例如，在垃圾填埋场，气体泄漏和动物谷仓紧密并列的情况下。与该提案相关的是该学院令人兴奋的承诺，即提供资金开发一种非常先进的无人机安装的移动的传感系统，该系统使用中红外光学器件，将提供比目前可用的传感器更高的精度。这将建立一个世界上最好的定位、确定和量化温室气体排放的综合系统，尤其是对甲烷的了解甚少，自然和人为来源的通量存在很大的不确定性。在全球范围内，自2007年以来甲烷的上升威胁到巴黎协定（例如Nisbet等人，2019年，GBC）。我们迫切需要减少排放。不同的来源通常位于同一地点（例如，在养牛场附近开采页岩气），但可以通过同位素组成和乙烷：甲烷比例的差异进行识别，从而实现准确的来源分析。这些仪器将主要用于英国，因为该国寻求“净零”，但MIGGAS也将部署在海外的实地活动，与欧洲，澳大利亚，香港和科威特的密切同事。要解决的问题包括：1）更好地了解英国不断变化的排放量-垃圾填埋场甲烷排放量下降了多少，沼气厂数量迅速增长的甲烷排放量有多大？2)新的可持续森林或3）生物能源作物领域的甲烷和二氧化碳平衡是什么？4）这如何取决于土壤和植物类型？5)在气候变暖的情况下，水体和泥炭的天然甲烷排放量是如何变化的？最终，我们要解决一个大问题--英国和全世界如何才能实现净零碳排放，并将全球变暖控制在1.5摄氏度以下？

This proposal is for a mobile integrated greenhouse gas assessment system (MIGGAS), to locate and isotopically identify greenhouse gas sources, and calculate emission fluxes. MIGGAS will be capable of deployment either on a moving vehicle, to map urban and rural emissions, or as a static installation in field campaigns. Should the request be granted, the university promises funding to develop a technically advanced high precision mid-infrared drone-mounted sensor, to operate directly with MIGGAS.The UK is the global leader in committing for net zero carbon emissions by 2050. This demands far-reaching change to locate and reduce emissions of all major greenhouse gases and to remove them from the atmosphere. While focus is usually on carbon dioxide, methane emissions from industry, domestic gas use, sewers and landfills will also need to be drastically cut. Moreover, both CO2 and CH4 budgets will need measurement as the landscape changes, be it through restoration of peatland, increase in forest cover or change in agricultural land-use to growing biofuels. Whole-life greenhouse gas budgets of these changes are poorly known and urgently need to be quantified.Emission fluxes can be quantified by either eddy covariance or with mobile instrumentation to map emissions and model plumes. MIGGAS will do both. The instrumentation will be field deployable for short campaigns and the high frequency (10 Hz) measurements of methane and carbon dioxide coupled to a 3D sonic anemometer allows eddy covariance to be used to calculate fluxes. It is also deployable on mobile platforms (car or boat) for emission mapping. A portable methane and CO2 analyser can pinpoint exact locations of emissions and can be connected to a chamber for very local real time emission flux calculations. The RHUL team are very experienced in high precision measurements of methane isotopic ratios in air samples collected in the field and then analysed in the lab. Adding ability to carry out isotopic measurements in the field allows real time source apportionment, powerfully advancing specific source identification, for example where landfills, gas leaks and animal barns are closely juxtaposed. Linked to the proposal is the college's exciting promise of providing funds to develop a very advanced drone-mounted mobile sensing system using mid-infrared optics that will deliver much higher-precision than currently available sensors. This will create a world-best integrated system for locating, identifying and quantifying greenhouse gas emissions.Methane is particularly poorly known, with large uncertainties in fluxes from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Globally, methane's rise since 2007 threatens the Paris Agreement (e.g. Nisbet et al., 2019, GBC). Emissions urgently need to be cut. Different sources are often co-located (e.g. shale gas extraction next to cattle feedlots) but identifiable via differences in isotopic composition and ethane:methane ratio, allowing accurate source apportionment. The instruments will be primarily used in the UK as the nation seeks "Net Zero", but MIGGAS will also be deployable overseas for field campaigns, with close colleagues in Europe, Australia, Hong Kong and Kuwait. Topics to be addressed include: 1) better understanding of changing emissions in the UK - how much are landfill methane emissions declining and how large are methane emissions from rapidly growing numbers of biogas plants? 2) What are the methane and CO2 balances of new sustainable forests, or 3) fields of bioenergy crop, and 4) how does this depend on soil and plant type? 5) How are natural methane emissions from water bodies and peats changing in a warming climate? Ultimately we address the big question - how can the UK, and the world, achieve net zero carbon emissions and keep warming below 1.5 degrees C?