Dynamic monitoring, reporting and verification for implementing negative emission strategies in managed ecosystems (RETINA)

土壤固碳是缓解气候变化最有前途的生物负排放技术之一。土壤固碳依赖于采用最佳管理做法来增加土壤中储存的碳量。土壤固碳在农业中的一个优势是，碳储量在农田系统中消耗得最多，因此在没有土地利用转换和土地资源竞争的情况下，有很大的潜力捕获大气中的碳。成功实施基于土地的负排放技术将需要持续监测、报告和核实土壤储存变化和温室气体（GHG）排放，以估计土壤中的净碳固存。目前，缺乏具有成本效益、稳健、一致、透明和准确的方法限制了这些技术的大规模实施。监测、报告和核实土壤的碳固存和温室气体排放可以通过结合现场传感器、遥感和/或智能手机应用程序中具有成本效益的新技术发展的信息以及云平台上的模型集成来实现，以确认管理实践的有效性。检测和推断土壤碳变化和温室气体排放的过程是非常数据密集的。为了了解土壤碳和温室气体排放的变异性，需要结合来自不同环境中不同传感器网络的信息，并准确模拟各种管理实践的土壤碳变化和温室气体排放。在这里，我们提出了一个基于云的平台，将基于传感器的技术的新发展与基于云的模型模拟相结合，以克服实施陆地负排放技术的监测、报告和验证（MRV）系统的主要障碍。为了使MRV系统运行，我们将收集和处理来自野外、景观水平传感器和国家尺度（卫星数据）的传感器信息，并将数据馈送到基于云的模型中。这种设置允许在云中对碳变化和温室气体排放进行近时间模拟，而无需个人用户输入。该项目提供了可视化未来所需的高质量数据和信心，到2050年达到英国净零碳排放的要求。该项目将开展跨学科研究，利用数字技术的最新进展，结合利益相关者参与的新方法，在提供与利益相关者共同制定的综合管理方案方面迈出一步，有助于减缓气候变化。有几个群体将从这项研究的结果中受益。我们确定不同的利益相关者和感兴趣的团体；英国农民将受益于一个免费的移动应用程序，以帮助规划各种管理方案，以增加/保持土壤中的土壤有机质，同时也考虑土壤的温室气体排放。对于决策者来说，本项目开发的基于网络的决策支持工具将预测区域土壤净固碳量和温室气体排放量。该项目有助于制定监测和改善环境质量的战略，并减少受管理生态系统的温室气体排放，从而在2050年之前实现英国的净零排放。我们预计学术界将对该项目产生的温室气体预算和各种环境数据来源产生广泛的兴趣。关键词：气候变化，土壤，碳固存，温室气体排放，云模拟

Carbon sequestration in soil is one of the most promising biological negative emission (BNE) technologies to mitigate climate change. Soil carbon sequestration relies on the adoption of best management practices to increase the amount of carbon stored in soil. An advantage of soil carbon sequestration in agriculture is that carbon stocks are most depleted in cropland systems, so there is great potential to capture atmospheric carbon without land use conversion and competition for land resources. The successful implementation of land based negative emission technologies will require continuous monitoring, reporting and verification of soil storage changes and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to estimate net carbon sequestration in soils. Currently, a lack of cost effective, robust, consistent, transparent and accurate methods limits large-scale implementation of these technologies. Monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon sequestration and GHG emissions from soils could be achieved by combining information from novel cost-effective technological developments in field-based sensors, remote sensing, and/or smartphone apps and integration of models on cloud platforms to confirm management practice effectiveness. The process of detecting and inferring soil carbon changes and GHG emissions is extremely data intensive. In order to understand the variability in soil carbon and GHG emissions there is a need to combine information from diverse sensor networks in different environments and to accurately model soil carbon changes and GHG emissions from various management practices. Here we propose a cloud-based platform that combines new development in sensor-based technologies with cloud-based model simulations to overcome major obstacles for implementing a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system for land based negative emission technologies. To operationalize the MRV system, we will collect and process sensor information from the field, land scape level sensors and national scale (Satellite data) and harmonize data feeds to cloud-based models. This setup allows near time simulations on carbon changes and GHG emissions on the cloud without the need for individual user inputs. This project offers the quality data and confidence required for visualising a future, rising to the demands of a net zero carbon UK by 2050. This project will undertake transdisciplinary research to harness recent advances in digital technology combined with novel approaches in stakeholder engagement to make a step change in delivering integrated management options, co-produced with stakeholders, which can help to mitigate climate change. There are several groups who will benefit from the outcomes of this research. We identify various stakeholders and interested groups; UK Farmers will benefit from a freely available mobile-App to help plan various management options to increase/maintain soil organic matter in soil while also accounting for GHG emissions from soil. For policy makers, web-based decision support tool developed in this project will forecast regional estimates of net soil carbon sequestration and GHG emissions. This project could help in designing strategies to monitor and improve environmental quality and reduce GHG emissions from managed ecosystems to meet net zero Britain by 2050. We anticipate wide interest from academia in the GHG budgets and various environmental data sources this project will generate. Keywords: Climate change, soils, carbon sequestration, Greenhouse gas emissions, cloud-based modelling