RURAL COMMUNITIES, FAMILY PROCESSES, AND CHILD OUTCOMES

拟议的研究将审查社区以何种方式 特征、家庭流程和同龄人关系结合在一起 通过对并发计划的影响来影响子调整 强化、自我认知、归因方式和信念 关于人际关系。将主要考虑三个方面 儿童适应的维度：品行问题、心理问题 苦恼/混乱，以及学校表现。一个大约1700件的样本 家庭将从经济困难的社区中挑选出来 爱荷华州和佐治亚州。所有的家庭都将有一个5年级的目标 孩子。我们将包括大致相同数量的白人和非洲人- 美国家庭。尽管总的来说，我们预计 社区、家庭和同伴因素对儿童适应的影响相似 不管孩子的种族，我们确实希望有一些重要的群体 不同之处。首先，考虑到教会在非洲的重要性- 美国社区，我们希望家庭宗教参与是一种 黑人比白人更能有效地调节社区的不利地位 孩子们。其次，生活在弱势社区可能会 在非裔美国人中增加种族认同和制度指责 青春年华。因此，我们预计社区的劣势会减少 白人儿童比黑人儿童更自尊，同时操作 黑人儿童的犯罪率比白人儿童更高。

The proposed study will examine the manner in which community characteristics, family processes, and peer affiliations combine to influence child adjustment through their impact on concurrent schedules of reinforcement, perceptions of self, attributional style, and beliefs about relationships. Primary consideration will be given to three dimensions of child adjustment: conduct problems, psychological distress/disorder, and school performance. A sample of roughly 1700 families will be selected from economically depressed communities in Iowa and Georgia. All of the families will have a 5th grade target child. We will include roughly an equal number of White and African- American families. Although in general we expect the impact of community, family, and peer factors on child adjustment to be similar regardless of the child's ethnicity, we do expect some important group differences. First, given the significance of the church in African- American communities, we expect that family religious involvement is a more potent moderator of community disadvantage for Black than White children. Second, living in a disadvantaged community is likely to increase ethnic identification and system blaming among African-American youth. As a consequence, we expect that community disadvantage reduces the self-esteem of White more than Black children, while operating to increase delinquency more among Black than White children.