ENCORE

气候变化是人类和地球上生命面临的最紧迫的问题之一。需要更好地预测未来的气候变化，以便能够采取措施减少其影响并应对其影响。然而，改进这些预测需要更好地了解全球气候系统如何运作，而这方面的知识目前是不完整的。一个关键的空白涉及对海洋吸收热量和碳的理解。由于全球变暖，地球系统中超过90%的额外热量进入了海洋，自20世纪70年代以来，海洋上层和深海的热量都明显增加了。此外，全球海洋是气候系统中最大的碳储存库，吸收了自工业革命以来产生的近三分之一的额外碳排放。这些过程有力地减缓了大气中的气候变化，如果没有这些过程，气候变化会急剧加剧。南大洋- -环绕南极洲的广阔海洋- -在这方面极为重要。由于其循环的性质、物理和化学性质以及与全球其他地区的联系，它占海洋碳吸收的一半左右，占海洋热量吸收的四分之三左右。然而，由于其偏远和恶劣的环境，狂风暴雨的海面，厚重的海冰，以及冬季长时间的黑暗，南大洋也是世界上测量最少、了解最少的海洋。这种缺乏理解的后果之一是，在许多用于预测未来气候的模式中，对南大洋的描述不符合目的。我们的项目ENCORE是国家能力管弦乐团（National Capability ORchestra）的延伸，将原来的海洋通过热量和碳封存和运输调节气候（ORchestra）延长了一年。它代表了英国许多主要环境研究机构的联系，他们将与国内和国际合作伙伴一起解决这些问题。我们将继续进行独特的数据收集、新颖的分析和计算机模拟相结合，从根本上提高我们测量、理解和预测南大洋环流及其在全球气候中的作用的能力。在一个野外季节，我们收集的数据将包括三个巡航要素，继续我们对南大洋大西洋部分的长期监测，以确定所有不同海洋层（近表层、中层、深海）的盆地尺度的热量和碳输送。它还将与研究飞机一起进行飞行，以确定在所有不同的海冰条件下大气和海洋之间的热量和碳的重要气候转移。以前这种实地工作收集的资料将继续加以审查，对海洋过程产生新的见解，并改进海洋模式。ENCORE的一个重要元素将是对ORCHESTRA期间收集到的新信息和理解的综合，这些信息和理解既包括它本身，也包括玫瑰、SOCCOM和SO-CHIC等互补的平行项目。这种综合将使人们全面了解大西洋板块和更广泛的南大洋对全球气候的影响，以及未来可能发生的变化。ENCORE将特别与英国气象局密切合作，以确保这种理解能够通过检验hagedem和其他英国气候模型复制该地区复杂动态的能力，并对这些模型的未来迭代提出改进建议。

Climate change is one of the most urgent issues facing humanity and life on Earth. Better predictions of future climate change are needed, so that measures to reduce its impact and cope with its effects can be put in place. However, improving these predictions requires better knowledge of how the global climate system functions, and this knowledge is currently incomplete. A critical gap concerns understanding of the uptake of heat and carbon by the oceans. Over 90% of the extra heat now present in the Earth System because of global warming has entered the ocean, with strong increases in both the upper and deep ocean apparent since the 1970s. Further, the global ocean is the largest reservoir of carbon in the climate system, and has absorbed nearly one-third of the extra carbon emissions produced since the industrial revolution. Climate change in the atmosphere is strongly moderated by these processes, and would be dramatically greater without them.The Southern Ocean - the vast ocean that encircles Antarctica - is critically important in this regard. Because of the nature of its circulation, its physical and chemical properties, and its connections with the rest of the globe, it accounts for around half of the oceanic uptake of carbon, and around three-quarters of the heat uptake. However, because of its remoteness and hostile environment, with stormy seas, heavy sea ice in places, and long periods of darkness in winter, the Southern Ocean is also the least-measured and least-understood ocean in the world. One consequence of this lack of understanding is that the representations of the Southern Ocean in many of the models used to create future climate projections are not fit for purpose.Our project, ENCORE is the National Capability ORchestra Extension extends the original Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA) by a year. It represents a linking together of many of the major environmental research institutes in the UK, who will work with national and international partners to address these issues. We will carry on our unique combination of data collection, novel analyses and computer simulations to radically improve our ability to measure, understand and predict the circulation and role in global climate of the Southern Ocean. In the single field season available to us data collection will include three cruise elements continuing our long term monitoring of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean to determine the basin-scale transports of heat and carbon in all the different ocean layers (near-surface, intermediate, abyssal). It will also carry on flights with research aircraft to determine climatically-important transfers of heat and carbon between the atmosphere and ocean in all different conditions of sea ice. Information gathered by previous such field work will continue to be examined, producing new insights into ocean processes and improvements to ocean models. An important element of ENCORE will be the synthesis of the new information and understanding gathered over the ORCHESTRA period both with itself and with complimentary parallel projects such as RoSES, SOCCOM and SO-CHIC. This synthesis will produce a holistic understanding of the Atlantic sector and wider Southern Ocean's impact on global climate, and how it may change in the future. ENCORE will work closely with the Met Office in particular to see that such understanding is pulled through to examine the ability of the HadGEM and other UK climate models to replicate the complex dynamics of the region, and to suggest improvements to future iterations of these models.