NSFGEO-NERC: Conjugate Experiment to Investigate Sources of High-Latitude Magnetic Perturbations in Coupled SWMIG system

地表磁场扰动的测量对于遥感和表征影响电网、地面无线电通信以及卫星及其服务（如卫星导航）的空间天气现象非常重要。最终的目标是利用从分析这些测量中获得的科学理解来开发能够预测空间天气影响的计算机模型，以便向电网和卫星运营商发出警告并减轻其影响。目前，英国气象局和美国国家海洋和大气管理局分别在英国和美国提供了第一批全天候的空间天气预报服务，但预报技能有限，需要更深入的科学理解和更好的测量来改进这一点。了解巨大空间天气系统中磁扰动的来源是具有挑战性的，因为它们同时依赖于它们如何从空间驱动，高层大气（电离层）和地面的电导率，以及南北两极地区之间的各种不对称性。调查过程和验证全球模式的数据不足也阻碍了这一进程，特别是在南半球。拟议的调查将通过操作和使用在南极洲和格陵兰战略性部署的现有和未来自主仪器平台的数据，结合支持数据集和数值模拟，克服这些问题。一个新的磁力计组合阵列（超精确的专业罗盘）将提供前所未有的同时覆盖所谓的北极光和南极光（又名北极光和南极光），这是许多空间天气影响集中的地方。这些数据使新的实验能够分离出空间源的大小、电离层电导率和局部地面电导率在地面磁扰动产生中的各自贡献。这项工作将产生(1)关于磁扰动来源的新限制；(2)关于地球空间研究界广泛使用的各种假设的适用性的新信息，以解释磁扰动测量结果。此外，我们将利用一个独特而令人兴奋的机会，探索2021年12月日食期间电离层电导率快速空间变化的影响。

Measurements of surface magnetic field perturbations are important to remotely sense and characterize space weather phenomena that affect electrical power grids, ground-based radio communications, and satellites and their services such as satnav. Ultimately the goal is to use the scientific understanding gained from analysing such measurements to develop computer models that can forecast the space weather impacts so that power grid and satellite operators can be warned and mitigate their effects. The first space weather forecasting services are now provided 24/7 in the UK and USA by the Met Office and NOAA, respectively, but forecasting skill is limited and greater scientific understanding and better measurements are required to improve this. Understanding the sources of magnetic perturbations in the huge space weather system is challenging due to their simultaneous dependence on how they are driven from Space, the electrical conductivity of the upper atmosphere (ionosphere) and ground, and various asymmetries between the northern and southern polar regions. It is also hampered by insufficient data to investigate processes and validate global models, particularly in the southern hemisphere. The proposed investigations will overcome these problems through the operation and use of data from existing and future autonomous instrument platforms strategically deployed in Antarctica and Greenland, combined with supporting datasets and numerical modelling. A new combined array of magnetometers (super-accurate specialist compasses) will provide unprecedented simultaneous coverage beneath the so-called northern and southern lights (aka the aurora borealis and aurora australis), where many space weather effects are concentrated. These data enable novel experiments to isolate the respective contributions of how big the source in Space is, ionospheric conductivity, and local ground conductivity in the generation of ground magnetic perturbations. The work will result in (1) new constraints regarding the sources of magnetic perturbations and (2) new information concerning the applicability of various assumptions widely used by the geospace research community tointerpret magnetic perturbation measurements. In addition, we will exploit a unique and exciting opportunity to explore the impacts of rapid spatial variations in ionospheric conductivity during the December 2021 solar eclipse.