Solutions to measuring and managing economic risks and Opportunities in Sustainable ocean development (SOS)

海洋和沿海生态系统是人类福祉和经济发展的主要贡献者。然而，相关知识和证据分散在不同的机构和专家团体之间，削弱了我们对海洋环境、经济和社会价值的解释能力。迫切需要将数据、统计数据和社区联系起来，将相关证据的使用纳入法律、政策和发展规划。达斯古普塔的报告呼吁改变衡量经济成功的标准，建立新的经济模式，正确地考虑人类与自然的互动和对自然的依赖。海洋经济的可持续发展需要这样一种模式或系统来衡量进展。虽然标准的国民核算制度为这样做提供了坚实的基础，但核算的范围需要扩大，以包括自然在经济中的作用。自然资本核算（NCA）是理解自然服务在我们经济中的地位的必要步骤。它为我们提供了一种评估政策对自然资本影响的方法，这是政策分析的前提。通过与两个国家(英国环境、食品和农村事务部（Defra）和南非环境、林业和渔业部（DFFE）的政府部门内的NCA用户的初步接触，我们确定需要创新工具来改进和简化NCA数据在决策中的使用，例如对沿海和海洋开发融资的权衡进行经济分析。该奖学金旨在改善相关政府利益相关者（NCA和经济模型的用户）与组织和伙伴关系（研究、数据和实践知识的所有者）之间的联系，共同制定解决方案，以衡量和管理可持续海洋发展中的经济风险和机遇。Dasgupta的报告认为，建立国家自然资本账户和共享数据方面的国际合作将改善世界各地的决策。此外，国民核算的协调应与决策支持工具相结合，以增加国家国家核算局的功能。因此，该知识交流（KE）奖学金的建议方法是促进南非和英国NCA用户与海洋经济投资和政策影响评估的循证工具的联系。因此，该成果旨在为自然相关财务披露工作组（TNFD）提供潜在的工具和材料，以促进国家级自然相关报告在全球范围内的一致性。通过两个案例研究，一个在南非，另一个在英国，该研究金旨在展示如何使用现有最先进的区域可计算一般均衡经济（CGE）模型作为一种工具，利用国家NCA数据来评估不同环境政策对海洋经济和依赖海洋经济的社区的健康和财富的影响。CGE模型的用户可以创建多种政策和投资情景，对整个经济的影响进行建模，这对风险政策管理很有用，并指导金融部门投资蓝色经济的最佳领域。案例研究的产出，即应用现有的南非综合评估模型和促进制定更新的英国综合评估模型的蓝图，将有助于确保自然资本核算的长期影响和应用所需的技术援助。两个利益相关者群体（DFFE和Defra）确定的关键利益领域重叠，有可能使奖学金通过两个平行的国家级案例研究，以统一的方式同时满足两个群体的需求。

Marine and coastal ecosystems are major contributors to human well-being and economic development. Yet, our ability to account for the environmental, economic, and social value of the ocean is undermined by relevant knowledge and evidence being scattered between different institutions and expert communities. There is an urgent need to interlink data, statistics, and communities to embed the use of connected evidence in laws, policies, and development planning. The Dasgupta review calls for changing measures of economic success and new economic models which properly account for human interaction with and dependence on nature. The sustainable development of the ocean economy requires such a model or system for measuring progress. Although the standard system of national accounting provides a solid foundation for doing so, the scope of the accounts needs expansion to include the role of nature in the economy. Natural capital accounting (NCA) is a necessary step towards understanding the place of nature's services in our economies. It offers us a way to estimate the impact of policies on natural capital, which is a prerequisite for policy analysis. Through initial engagement with NCA users within government departments in two countries (UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), and South African Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries (DFFE)) it was established that there is a need for innovative tools to improve and simplify the use of NCA data in decision making, such as economic analysis of trade-offs in financing coastal and marine development. This fellowship proposes to improve the link between relevant government stakeholders (users of NCA and economic models) to organisations and partnerships (owners of research, data, and practical knowledge) to co-produce solutions to measuring and managing economic risks and opportunities in sustainable ocean development.The Dasgupta review argues that international cooperation in the construction of national natural capital accounts and the sharing of data would improve decision-making around the world. Additionally, the harmonisation of national accounts should be coupled with decision support tools to increase the functionality of national NCA. The suggested approach to this Knowledge Exchange (KE) fellowship is therefore to facilitate connecting SA and UK NCA users to evidence-based tools for ocean economy investment and policy impact evaluations. The outcome therefore aims to inform the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) on potential tools and materials to promote worldwide consistency for national level nature-related reporting.Through two case studies, one in South Africa and the other in the UK, the fellowship will aim to demonstrate the use of an existing state-of-the-art regional computable general equilibrium economic (CGE) model as a tool that uses national NCA data to evaluate the impacts of different environmental policies on the health and wealth of the ocean economy and the communities that depend on it. Users of CGE models can create versatile policy and investment scenarios to model the economy-wide impact, which is useful for risk policy management and to guide financial sector to optimal areas for investment into the blue economy. The outputs of the case studies, being the application of the existing SA CGE model and the facilitation of a blueprint for an updated UK CGE model, will contribute to the technical assistance required to ensure long-term impact and application of natural capital accounting. The identified areas of key interest to both groups of stakeholders overlap (DFFE and Defra), potentially allowing the fellowship to address the needs of both groups at once and in a unified way through two parallel national level case studies.