FARM TREE: Balancing farm and landscape-scale demands for integrating trees on agricultural land

尽管农林业(将牧场或农田上的树木或灌木整合在一起)在提供生态系统服务和应对多重气候变化挑战方面具有巨大的潜力，但它在英国并未得到广泛应用。战略规划和成功实施需要更多关于实现最佳环境效益的知识，同时还需要有关相关的社会经济、文化和政策激励、障碍和增加农林间作的挑战的信息。农用树项目汇集了一支由社会和环境科学家组成的强大的多学科团队，以及林地和农业组织的从业者和利益相关者合作伙伴，通过探索哪些种植方案在不同的环境和社会经济条件组合下可能最有效，来满足这些需求。因此，我们会在不同策略的范围内，评估种植策略(例如区域或景观优先地区或物种)，以及农场层面的种植设计(物种和种植的空间组织)。提供哪些种植方案实际效果最好的知识，结合如何实现这一目标的工具和途径，将：(1)改善农民决策，(2)帮助制定更有针对性和更灵活的政策和赠款计划，以及(3)最终降低农田植树的障碍。我们对效益和内在权衡采取全面的方法，并认为植树决策受到从个人到政策层面的各种因素的影响；但也关注碳固存和用水解决方案，以及更广泛的环境效益。我们将提供基于网络的互动决策支持工具，以指导农田植树；并确定公共政策(法规、赠款计划)和基于市场的措施如何相互作用，以激励(或阻止)种植。这项研究将围绕三个综合工作包(WP)进行。在WP1中，我们将从土地管理者的角度整理社会经济激励和障碍，建立在现有的英国倡议和农林复合项目合作伙伴的农民网络的基础上。利用参与式研究方法，WP1将确定农场层面的机会和限制，以使用适合耕作系统的设计来整合树木。在国家一级，我们将侧重于与为农林复合发展创造机会的战略政策有关的见解。WP2将调查农林复合战略和设计在国家/景观和农场范围内对水和碳循环的空间和时间影响，同时也考虑土壤健康和生物多样性。对于不同的景观和农场环境，它将确定提供最佳生态系统服务的种植场景，无论是现在还是未来的场景。这将通过综合生态水文学和碳模型实现，并建立在以前的生态系统服务林地景观能力图和示范农场的数据的基础上。综合WP1和WP3的成果，它还将提供一套方案，在考虑环境效益的同时考虑社会经济限制。WP1和WP2通过WP3完全整合，WP3涉及在农场迭代开发可行的植树方案，考虑英国景观中的社会经济和环境因素。与项目伙伴和利益攸关方共同开发的决策支持工具(农民互动网站；政策简报；对农民主导的长期创新监测实验室的建议)构成了关键产出。

Although agroforestry (integrating trees or shrubs on pasture or crop farmland) has great potential to provide ecosystem services and address multiple climate change challenges, it is not widely practiced in the UK. Strategic planning and successful implementation require more knowledge on achieving optimal environmental benefits, balanced with information of the associated socio-economic, cultural and policy incentives, barriers, and challenges to increasing agroforestry. Bringing together a strong multidisciplinary team of social and environmental scientists with partners who are practitioners and stakeholders in woodland and agricultural organisations, the FARM TREE project addresses these needs by exploring which planting scenarios might work best under different combinations of environmental and socio-economic conditions. Hereby, we will evaluate planting strategies (e.g., regional or landscape priority areas or species), as well as farm level planting designs (species and spatial organisation of planting) within the context of different strategies. Providing knowledge on which planting scenarios realistically work best where, combined with tools and pathways on how to achieve this will: (1) improve farmer decision making, (2) aid the development of better targeted and more flexible policies and grant schemes, and (3) ultimately lower barriers for tree expansion on farmland.We take a holistic approach to benefits and inherent trade-offs and consider that tree planting decisions are subject to diverse factors, from the personal to the policy level; but also focus in on carbon sequestration and water use solutions, alongside wider environmental benefits. We will provide an interactive web-based decision support tool to guide tree expansion on farmland; and identify how public policies (regulations, grant schemes) and market-based measures interact to incentivise (or deter) planting. The research will be articulated around three integrated work packages (WP). In WP1, we will collate socio-economic incentives and barriers from the land manager perspective, building on existing UK initiatives and farmer networks of project partners in agroforestry. Using participatory research methods, WP1 will identify farm level opportunities and constraints to integrate trees using designs that fit well into farming systems. At the national level, we will focus on insights relating to strategic policies that create opportunities for agroforestry expansion.WP2 will investigate the spatial and temporal effects of agroforestry strategies and designs on water and carbon cycling at the national/landscape and farm scale, while also considering soil health and biodiversity. For diverse landscape and farm settings, it will identify planting scenarios that deliver optimal ecosystem services, now and under future scenarios. This will be achieved via integrated ecohydrological and carbon modelling and build on previous woodland landscape capability mapping for ecosystem services and data from demonstrator farms. Integrating outcomes from WP1 and WP3, it will also deliver a set of scenarios that consider socio-economic constraints alongside the environmental benefits. WP1 and WP2 are fully integrated via WP3, which involves the iterative development of viable tree planting scenarios on farms that consider socio-economic and environmental aspects within UK landscapes. Co- developed with project partners and stakeholders, decision support tools (interactive website for farmers; policy briefings; and recommendations for long term farmer-led innovation monitoring labs) form key outputs.