MORNINGNESS-EVENINGNESS, ALCOHOL USE, AND DEVELOPMENT

这项提议的目的是确定一个未经研究的风险/保护因素——早起/晚睡——对酒精滥用病因和预防的影响。我们努力的重点是对一系列广泛的社会功能和酒精滥用评估进行理论推导性检查。拟议的项目包括对四项瑞典纵向和横断面研究的数据进行进一步的准备和二次分析。在指导研究的发展框架中，酒精问题在其他个人属性的配置中发展或减少，并嵌入整个生命周期的社会环境中。我们关注的是行为连续性和变化背后的过程。研究发现，在6个月大的时候，婴儿在光/暗带和相关的觉醒和疲劳生理状态（早晨型和晚上型）上的稳定个体差异首次出现。对于m型的人来说，早晨醒来与文化期望是一致的，并且与家庭和学校的适应功能有关。对于e型人来说，早晨疲劳和晚上觉醒与风险因素有关，包括酗酒、对学校的不满、与父母的冲突以及反社会行为。调查结果的例外，即有弹性的e型和脆弱的m型很重要。传统的单变量和多变量统计程序将在适合数据时使用。为了其他目的，将采用以人为本的方法，通过聚类分析确定同质配置；将结合分层线性建模（HLM）对结果构型的发展轨迹进行测试。具体目的包括：(1)测试预测E型和m型儿童在婴儿期和学龄前早期的心理功能和与父母的互动没有差异，但随着5岁时对早晨表现的需求增加而出现；(2)测试预测低早晨唤醒指标，包括疲劳、黑暗情绪和抑郁将与夜性相关，但与酒精滥用无关；m型抑郁症，尤其是女性，可能与酗酒有关；(3)在不同的发展阶段绘制风险和恢复力的配置图，以阐明多种病因过程，并证明发展系统理论将不同的结果联系起来。

The goal of this proposal is to determine the ways in which an unstudied risk/protective factor - Morningness/Eveningness- contributes to alcohol abuse etiologies and prevention. The thrust of our efforts is a theoretically derived examination of a wide array of assessments of social functioning and alcohol abuse. The proposed project consists of further preparation and secondary analysis of data from four Swedish longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. In the developmental framework that guides the research, alcohol problems develop or diminish in configurations with other individual attributes and are embedded within social circumstances across the life cycle. We are concerned with processes that underlie behavioral continuities and changes. Theoretical support is provided by finding that stable individual differences in light/dark entrainment and associated physiological states of arousal and fatigue -- Morning- and Evening-types -- first emerge at 6 months. For M-types, morning arousal is consistent with cultural expectations and related to adaptive functioning at home and in school. For E-types, morning fatigue and evening arousal are linked to risk factors, including alcohol abuse, school disaffection, conflicts with parents, and antisocial behavior. Exceptions to findings, i.e., resilient E-types and vulnerable M-types are of importance. Traditional univariate and multivariate statistical procedures will be used when appropriate to the data. For other purposes, a person-oriented approach will be used to identify homogenous configurations through cluster analyses; developmental trajectories of resultant configurations will be tested in conjunction with hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). Specific aims include: (1) test predictions that psychological functioning and interactions with parents will not differ for E- and M-types in infancy and early preschool years, but appear with increased demands for morning performance by age 5; (2) test predictions that low morning arousal indicators, including fatigue, dark moods, and depression will be related to Eveningness, but unrelated to alcohol abuse; depression in M-types, particularly females, may be associated with alcohol abuse; and (3) map configurations of risk and resilience at different points in development to clarify multiple etiologic processes and demonstrate that developmental systems theory links disparate outcomes.