The Exploitation and Upgrade of the CMS and LHCb Experiments, Detector R&D and NA62

大型强子对撞机(LHC)是欧洲核子研究中心建造的最大的粒子加速器。它是有史以来建造的能量最高的粒子加速器，周长27公里，地下100米，横跨日内瓦郊外的法国和瑞士边境。它将以99.999999%光速每秒4,000万次的速度将质子碰撞在一起。有了这台机器，类似于大爆炸后十亿分之一秒的条件将被重现。布里斯托尔粒子物理小组参与了LHC、CMS和LHCb的两个主要实验。大型强子对撞机是一台发现机器。到目前为止，粒子物理的标准模型在描述宇宙物理方面取得了极大的成功，但我们知道它是不完整的。标准模型没有解释暗物质或暗能量、中微子振荡，也没有解释为什么留在宇宙中的物质没有被大爆炸产生的反物质摧毁。标准模型承认四种力：电磁力；弱核力；强核力以及重力。人们认为，这些力量可能是更根本的东西的不同表现。大型强子对撞机的碰撞产生了迄今为止最高的能量，这将推动粒子物理学的前沿，我们希望在那里找到新的物理粒子和过程来解释这些现象。布里斯托尔小组将率先回答这些基本问题。物理机遇要求开发新型传感器、探测器系统和先进的计算技术。这些发展处于技术的前沿。布里斯托尔集团将在为未来的实验开发这些系统方面走在前列，但也将确保所产生的知识将转移到更广泛的经济领域，以提高生产率和经济增长。

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the largest particle accelerator to be built at CERN. It is the highest energy particle accelerator ever built, with a 27 km circumference, 100 m underground, straddling the French and Swiss border outside of Geneva. It will smash together protons travelling at 99.999999% of the speed of light 40 million times per second. With this machine, conditions similar to those a billionth of a second after the Big Bang will be reproduced. The Bristol particle physics group participate in 2 of the major experiments at the LHC, CMS and LHCb. The LHC is a discovery machine. The Standard Model of particle physics has been extremey successful in describing the physics of the Universe to date, but we know it to be incomplete. The Standard Model does not explain dark matter or dark energy, neutrino oscillations, or why the matter left in the universe wasn't destroyed by antimatter created at the big bang. The Standard Model recognizes four forces: electromagnetic force; the weak nuclear force; the strong nuclear force as well as gravity. It is believed that these forces could be different manifestation of something more fundamental. With the highest energies created to date, collisions at the LHC will push forward the frontiers of particle physics where we hope to find new physics particles and processes to explain these phenomenon. The Bristol group will be at the fore of answering these fundamental questions. The physics opportunities demand the development of novel sensors, detector systems and advanced computing techniques. These developments are at the cutting edge of technology. The Bristol group will be at the forefront in developing these systems for future experiments but also ensuring the knowledge generated will be transferred to the wider economy for enhanced productivity and economic growth.