Design and implementation of a first-level trigger system for the upgrade of the CMS detector within the Large Hadron Collider at CERN

欧洲核子研究中心的大型强子对撞机(LHC)在可预见的未来将是世界上能量最高的粒子加速器，也是唯一能够研究基础物理中一些最优先主题的设施。大型强子对撞机的运行将至少持续到2035年，加速器联合体和相关探测器对性能的要求不断提高，以便提供有用的统计数据。因此，CMS探测器将需要进行重大和全面的升级，以便在更恶劣的条件下保持性能。Milos博士的重点是设计和实现用于CMS探测器升级的第一级触发系统。升级将包括用一种新型的高粒度组合量热计取代现有的两个端盖式热量计。高粒度意味着新的量热计将有更多的读出通道，导致探测器的数据速率高出一个数量级以上。触发系统可快速决定何时将这些数据写入存储。这一决定的触发算法将在互联的高端现场可编程门阵列网络中实现。主要的问题是开发一种优化的算法，该算法能够适应现场可编程门阵列的可用资源，并且能够在所需的时间内做出决定。该项目将涉及为现场可编程门阵列开发VHDL固件和模拟潜在算法的组合，以评估对CMS数据将测量的物理过程的敏感性方面的性能。

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will be the world's highest energy particle accelerator for the foreseeable future, and the only facility capable of investigating some of the highest priority topics in fundamental physics. LHC operation will continue until at least 2035, with ever-increasing performance required from the accelerator complex in order to provide useful statistical reach and from the associated detectors. As such the CMS detector will require significant and comprehensive upgrades in order to maintain performance in the presence of much harsher conditions.Milos' PhD is focussed on the design and implementation of a first-level trigger system for the upgrade of the CMS detector. The upgrade will include a replacement of the two existing endcap calorimeters with a novel high-granularity combined calorimeter. The high granularity means the new calorimeter will have many more readout channels, resulting in more than an order of magnitude higher data rate from the detector. The trigger system gives a fast decision on when to write these data to storage. The trigger algorithm for this decision will be implemented in a network of interconnected high-end FPGAs. The main issues are to develop an optimised algorithm which can fit into the available resources of the FPGAs and which can make a decision in the required time. The project will involve a combination of VHDL firmware development for the FPGAs and simulation of potential algorithms to estimate performance in terms of sensitivity to the physics processes the CMS data will measure.