Design and implementation of a first-level trigger system for the upgrade of the CMS detector within the Large Hadron Collider at CERN

在可预见的未来，欧洲核子研究中心的大型强子对撞机（LHC）将是世界上能量最高的粒子加速器，也是唯一能够研究基础物理学中一些最优先主题的设备。大型强子对撞机的运行将至少持续到2035年，为了提供有用的统计范围和相关探测器，对加速器综合体的性能要求不断提高。因此，CMS探测器需要进行重大和全面的升级，以便在更恶劣的条件下保持性能。Milos博士专注于设计和实现用于CMS探测器升级的一级触发系统。升级将包括用新型高粒度组合量热计替换现有的两个端盖量热计。高粒度意味着新的量热计将有更多的读出通道，导致检测器的数据速率提高一个数量级以上。触发系统给出了何时将这些数据写入存储器的快速决定。该决策的触发算法将在互连的高端fpga网络中实现。主要问题是开发一种优化算法，该算法可以适应fpga的可用资源，并且可以在所需的时间内做出决策。该项目将包括fpga的VHDL固件开发和潜在算法的模拟，以根据CMS数据将测量的物理过程的敏感性来估计性能。

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will be the world's highest energy particle accelerator for the foreseeable future, and the only facility capable of investigating some of the highest priority topics in fundamental physics. LHC operation will continue until at least 2035, with ever-increasing performance required from the accelerator complex in order to provide useful statistical reach and from the associated detectors. As such the CMS detector will require significant and comprehensive upgrades in order to maintain performance in the presence of much harsher conditions.Milos' PhD is focussed on the design and implementation of a first-level trigger system for the upgrade of the CMS detector. The upgrade will include a replacement of the two existing endcap calorimeters with a novel high-granularity combined calorimeter. The high granularity means the new calorimeter will have many more readout channels, resulting in more than an order of magnitude higher data rate from the detector. The trigger system gives a fast decision on when to write these data to storage. The trigger algorithm for this decision will be implemented in a network of interconnected high-end FPGAs. The main issues are to develop an optimised algorithm which can fit into the available resources of the FPGAs and which can make a decision in the required time. The project will involve a combination of VHDL firmware development for the FPGAs and simulation of potential algorithms to estimate performance in terms of sensitivity to the physics processes the CMS data will measure.