The Exploitation and Upgrade of the CMS and LHCb Experiments, Detector R&D and NA62

大型强子对撞机（LHC）是欧洲核子研究中心将要建造的最大的粒子加速器。它是迄今为止建造的能量最高的粒子加速器，周长27公里，地下100米，横跨日内瓦外的法国和瑞士边境。它将以光速的99.999999%的速度将质子粉碎，每秒4000万次。有了这台机器，类似于大爆炸后十亿分之一秒的情况将被重现。布里斯托尔粒子物理小组参与了大型强子对撞机、CMS和大型强子对撞机的两个主要实验。大型强子对撞机是一台探索机器。迄今为止，粒子物理学的标准模型在描述宇宙物理方面非常成功，但我们知道它是不完整的。标准模型没有解释暗物质、暗能量、中微子振荡，也没有解释为什么宇宙中残留的物质没有被大爆炸产生的反物质摧毁。标准模型承认四种力：电磁力；弱核力；强大的核力和重力。人们相信，这些力量可能是某种更基本的东西的不同表现。凭借迄今为止产生的最高能量，大型强子对撞机的碰撞将推动粒子物理学的前沿，我们希望在那里找到新的物理粒子和过程来解释这些现象。布里斯托尔小组将站在回答这些基本问题的前沿。物理学的机遇要求开发新的传感器、探测系统和先进的计算技术。这些发展处于技术的前沿。布里斯托尔大学将走在为未来实验开发这些系统的前沿，同时也将确保所产生的知识将被转移到更广泛的经济领域，以提高生产率和经济增长。

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the largest particle accelerator to be built at CERN. It is the highest energy particle accelerator ever built, with a 27 km circumference, 100 m underground, straddling the French and Swiss border outside of Geneva. It will smash together protons travelling at 99.999999% of the speed of light 40 million times per second. With this machine, conditions similar to those a billionth of a second after the Big Bang will be reproduced. The Bristol particle physics group participate in 2 of the major experiments at the LHC, CMS and LHCb. The LHC is a discovery machine. The Standard Model of particle physics has been extremey successful in describing the physics of the Universe to date, but we know it to be incomplete. The Standard Model does not explain dark matter or dark energy, neutrino oscillations, or why the matter left in the universe wasn't destroyed by antimatter created at the big bang. The Standard Model recognizes four forces: electromagnetic force; the weak nuclear force; the strong nuclear force as well as gravity. It is believed that these forces could be different manifestation of something more fundamental. With the highest energies created to date, collisions at the LHC will push forward the frontiers of particle physics where we hope to find new physics particles and processes to explain these phenomenon. The Bristol group will be at the fore of answering these fundamental questions. The physics opportunities demand the development of novel sensors, detector systems and advanced computing techniques. These developments are at the cutting edge of technology. The Bristol group will be at the forefront in developing these systems for future experiments but also ensuring the knowledge generated will be transferred to the wider economy for enhanced productivity and economic growth.