EMERGENCE OF COGNITIVE CONTROL

注意力对环境、经验和执行约束的控制。初步数据表明，物种差异与大脑复杂性的差异存在于注意力的执行控制能力。猴子相对容易受到环境限制（即，刺激控制）对注意力和后续行为的影响。本研究提出了一系列的研究建议：（a）研究注意的决定因素以及内源性和外源性注意控制的种内和种间差异;（B）将注意控制与工作记忆和执行功能的种间差异联系起来;（c）通过确定没有语言的猴子和黑猩猩能够注意、计划和监控的程度，来评估语言在注意力和执行功能中的作用，部分是通过检查语言训练后这些技能的改善，以确定促进猴子和黑猩猩控制注意力和关系学习的程序;（d）确定改善内源性注意力控制的训练或实践技术;（3）将这些行为数据与通过成像，刺激和生化程序揭示的大脑活动模式联系起来。在所有的实验中，参与者将通过操纵操纵杆或类似的反应装置对计算机生成的刺激（图片，文字，表格）做出反应。消除一系列变量后，将记录反应时间、反应准确度、反应地形图、眼球运动和其他性能指标。物种、年龄、诊断类别和其他分组变量（例如，记忆广度、注意力概况）也将用于分析。预计这些实验的结果将阐明非人类灵长类动物注意力模型的实用性，并将改善注意力理论，因为它在灵长类动物物种中表现出来。

The control of attention of environmental, experiential, and executive constrains. Preliminary data suggest that species differences corresponding with differences brain complexity exist in the capacity for executive control of attention. Monkeys are relatively susceptible to environmental constraints (i.e., stimulus control) on attention and subsequent behavior. In the present proposal a series of studies are proposed (a) to study the determinants of attention and the within- and between-species differences in the endogenous versus exogenous control of attention; (b) to relate the control of attention to species differences in working memory and executive function; (c) to assess the role of language in attention and executive function in part by determining the degree to which monkeys and chimpanzees without language can attend, plan, and monitor, and in part by examining the improvement in these skills that follow languages training, to identify procedures that promote controlled attention and relational learning in monkeys and chimpanzees; (d) to identify training or practice techniques that improve the endogenous control of attention; and (3) to relate these behavioral data to patterns of brain activity revealed through imaging, stimulation, and biochemical procedures. In all experiments, participants will respond to computer-generated stimuli (pictures, words, forms) by manipulating a joystick or similar response device. Response time, response accuracy, response topography, eye movements and other performance measures will be recorded as a series of variables are eliminated. Species, age, diagnostic category, and other grouping variables (e.g., memory span, attention profile) will also be used in the analyses. It is anticipated that the results of these experiments will elucidate the utility of non-human primate models of attention, and will improve theories of attention as it is manifest across primate species.