COMPARISON OF COLONIST AND INDIGENOUS AMAZONIAN LAND USE

该项目的目标是确定影响厄瓜多尔亚马逊地区移民殖民者和土著居民土地使用强度的人口、社会经济和生物物理因素。在早期项目中收集的关于殖民者的数据将由在土著地区收集的新数据加以补充。数据分析比较和对比了殖民者和土著人口之间以及四个土著群体之间的行为和决定因素，这些群体在领土规模、人口规模和密度以及融入市场经济的程度上存在差异。从人口学、景观生态学和政治生态学的理论角度出发，我们建立了一个概念模型，将影响土地利用的人口、生物物理和社会经济因素与土地利用梯度的强度联系起来。将在五个土著社区进行一项民族志研究，以研究与人口和土地使用有关的态度、信仰和行为，并为编制调查问题单提供资料。使用该模型，我们将(1)通过家庭和社区调查测量殖民者和土著人口的人口统计学（家庭规模和组成）、生物物理（土地质量和可用性）和社会经济（财产制度和关键基础设施的获取）因素；(2)利用全球定位系统（GPS）接收器识别住宅、农业地块和土地用途；(3)对卫星图像进行处理，确定土地覆盖类型、土地利用格局、景观特征和基础设施。地理参考的社会经济、人口和生物物理数据将被纳入一个地理信息系统，以便得出土地利用强度决定因素的多层次统计模型的措施。通过整合从当地居民和移民定居者收集的数据，该项目提供了厄瓜多尔亚马逊东北部土地使用的基本完整覆盖，并测试了阐明世界其他地区土地使用模式的一般假设。厄瓜多尔亚马逊雨林是被提议的原始更新世森林保护区之一（Haffer, 1969），是一个动植物多样性和特有的地区。厄瓜多尔每年损失约1.8%的亚马逊森林，这是亚马逊流域国家中损失率最高的。因此，该地区是一个很好的研究地点，可以观察人口迅速增长的小农和多样化的土著人民在面对人口日益密集的热带雨林边境时的行为。

The objective of the project is to determine the demographic, socio-economic and biophysical factors affecting the intensity of land use by migrant colonists and indigenous populations in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Data on colonists collected in an earlier project will be complemented by new data collection in indigenous areas. The data analysis compares and contrasts behavior and determinants between colonist and indigenous populations and among four indigenous groups, which differ in size of territory, population size and density, and degree of integration into the market economy. Drawing upon the theoretical perspectives of demography, landscape ecology, and political ecology, we develop a conceptual model which links the demographic, biophysical, and socio- economic factors influencing land use to an intensity of land use gradient. An ethnographic study in five indigenous communities will be carried out to study the attitudes, beliefs and behaviors pertaining to population and land use, and to inform the development of survey questionnaires. Using this model, we will (1) measure the demographic (household size and composition), biophysical (land quality and availability), and socioeconomic (property regimes and access to key infrastructure) factors for colonists and indigenous populations through household and community surveys; (2) use Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to identify dwellings, agricultural plots, and land use; and (3) process satellite imagery to determine land cover types, land use patterns, landscape features and infrastructure. The geo-referenced socio-economic, demographic, and biophysical data will be integrated within a geographic information system (GIS) in order to derive measures for multi-level statistical models of the determinants of land use intensity. By integrating data collected from both native residents and migrant settlers, this project provides essentially complete overage of land use in the northeastern Ecuadorian Amazon, and tests general hypotheses which elucidate land use patterns in other parts of the world. The Ecuadorian Amazon, one of the proposed primary Pleistocene forest refugia (Haffer, 1969), is an area of extraordinary plant and animal diversity and endemism. Ecuador is losing about 1.8 percent of its Amazon forests per year-the highest loss rate of any Amazon basin country. This region is thus an excellent study site for observing the behavior of rapidly growing populations of small farmers and a diverse population of indigenous peoples in the face of an increasingly densely-populated rainforest frontier.