Particle Physics Capital Equipment 2018

粒子物理学试图从基本粒子的相互作用、基本力和调解它们的力粒子以及最近发现的赋予基本粒子质量的希格斯粒子的角度来理解宇宙，它的诞生、演化和命运。在过去的三十年里，我们看到了一个理论框架的发展，即标准模型，几乎所有的粒子物理数据都可以用它来解释。但这个模型是不完整的：它解释了我们在地球上遇到的东西，但对宇宙的研究表明，神秘的暗物质的存在使星系聚集在一起，更神秘的暗能量正以越来越快的速度驱使星系分离。我们的研究旨在找到新的物理学来调和这些观察结果。欧洲核子研究中心的大型强子对撞机（LHC）再现了宇宙大爆炸后十亿分之一秒内的情况。牛津大学在ATLAS和LHCb中扮演着重要角色，这两个实验有可能彻底改变我们对宇宙的理解。在接下来的十年里，大型强子对撞机将升级到更高的能量和强度，因此需要对ATLAS和LHCb的探测器进行改进，本提案中要求的设备将大大增强。这些升级后的探测器将把粒子物理学的灵敏度提升到前所未有的水平，我们满怀信心地期待这些实验将揭示新的物理现象。与此同时，大型综合巡天望远镜（LSST）将测量宇宙膨胀的速度有多快，因为神秘的暗能量代表了宇宙中75%的能量，并像反重力一样将星系分开。这种新设备将帮助我们开发新的CCD技术，可以在低温下工作，以检测噪声非常低的微弱信号。总的来说，通过保持我们的基础设施发展的新技术和实验在前沿，这些设备将帮助我们保持我们的世界领先地位，科学卓越和主要的最先进的探测器建设在粒子物理的未来。

Particle physics seeks to understand the Universe, its birth, evolution and fate in terms of the interplay of elementary particles, the fundamental forces and force-particles that mediate them and the recently discovered Higgs particle that gives elementary particles mass. The last thirty years have seen the development of a theoretical framework, the Standard Model, in which almost all particle-physics data can be explained. But the model is incomplete: it explains what we encounter on Earth but studies of the cosmos suggest the presence of mysterious dark matter that holds galaxies together and more mysterious dark energy that is driving galaxies apart at an ever increasing rate. Our research is aimed at finding the new physics that will reconcile these observations. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN reproduces the conditions within a million millionth of a second of the Big Bang. Oxford plays a major role in ATLAS and LHCb, two experiments that have the potential to completely revolutionise our understanding of the universe. Over the next decade, the LHC will upgrade to higher energy and intensity so detector improvements will need to be made for ATLAS and LHCb, which the equipment requested in this proposal will greatly enhance. These upgraded detectors will take particle physics to an unprecedented level of sensitivity for the observations of new physics that we confidently expect these experiments will reveal.Meanwhile the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will measure how quickly the expansion of the universe is speeding up due to the mysterious dark energy that represents 75% of all energy in the universe and acts like anti-gravity pushing galaxies apart. This new equipment will help us develop new CCD technology that can operate at cryogenic temperatures to detect faint signals with very low noise.Overall, by keeping our infrastructure for the development of new technology and experiments at the cutting edge, this equipment will help us retain our world-leading role for scientific excellence and major state-of-the-art detector construction in particle physics for the future.