Measuring atmospheric marine ice nucleating particles using cryopreservatin technologies (CryoINC)

尽管海洋覆盖了地球70%以上的面积，海洋喷雾是大气中主要的气溶胶类型之一，但它在云层中形成冰的作用仍然知之甚少。目前，我们不知道海洋大气中的冰核粒子(INP)是来自当地的海洋生物来源，还是来自大陆的远距离输送。在这份提案中，学生将使用最近开发的用于低温保存应用的仪器来测量海洋INP。学生将与Aendtote Ltd密切合作，后者是一家专门从事低温保存和结晶的中小企业公司，在Murray有着良好的记录。他们最近开发了一种生物样品受控冷冻的新系统，该系统可以很容易地适用于大气INP研究。学生将在剑桥的渐近实验室工作，以学习如何使用该仪器，并对其进行微小调整，以测量大气INP(CryoINC)。渐近控制率冷冻设备使用斯特林制冷机实现低温，只需要电源，使其便携，非常适合现场工作，而传统系统使用不方便的液氮或使用机械压缩机冷却的液体。穆雷的团队已经在前往北极和大西洋的邮轮上成功使用了较早的版本。渐近线的仪器与广泛的机器人和自动化技术兼容，加上额外的投资(可能来自技术战略委员会)，我们将开发一种商业自主INP测量系统。学生将与我们的项目合作伙伴在几个海洋环境中部署CryoINC。第一个将在爱尔兰西海岸久负盛名的Mace Head大气观测站进行，该观测站是采集海洋空气的理想陆基地点。第二个人将在英国南极调查局的协助下登上一艘科考船，在这个偏远的海洋环境中，可能正在通过大西洋前往南极洲的邮轮上。通过利用已建立的大气观测站，同时在更具挑战性的偏远海洋环境中提供非常有价值的船基野外工作培训，降低了学生项目的风险。

Despite oceans covering over 70% of the planet and sea spray being one of the dominant aerosol types in the atmosphere, its role in the formation of ice in clouds remains poorly understood. At present we do not know if Ice Nucleating Particles (INPs) in the oceanic atmosphere are derived from local marine biogenic sources or from long range transport from the continents. In this proposal the student will measure oceanic INP with an instrument recently developed for use in cryopreservation applications.The student will work in close collaboration with Asymptote Ltd who are an SME company specialising in cryopreservation and crystallisation and have a strong track record with Murray. They have recently developed a new system for the controlled freezing of biological samples which could be easily adapted for atmospheric INP research. The student will work at Asymptote's laboratories in Cambridge in order to learn how to use this instrument and make minor adaptations to it for the measurement of atmospheric INP (CryoINC). The Asymptote controlled rate freezing equipment uses Stirling cryocoolers to achieve low temperatures and only needs an electrical supply making it portable and ideal for field work, whereas conventional systems use inconvenient liquid nitrogen or fluids cooled using mechanical compressors. An earlier version has been successfully used on cruises to the Arctic and Atlantic by Murray's team. Asymptote's instrument is compatible with a wide range of robotic and automation technologies, which with additional investment (possibly from the Technology Strategy Board) will allow us to develop a commercial autonomous INP measurement system.The student will deploy CryoINC in several marine environments in collaboration with our project partners. The first will be at the well-established Mace Head atmospheric observatory on the West Coast of Ireland which is an ideal land-based site for sampling marine air. The second will be on board a research ship, facilitated by the British Antarctic Survey, in the remote marine environment possibly on a cruise to Antarctica via the Atlantic. Risk to the student's project is reduced by making use of an established atmospheric observatory, while also offering highly valuable ship based fieldwork training in the more challenging remote oceanic environment.