Biosecurity to slow the spread of invasive non-native species

外来入侵物种(Inn)威胁生态系统服务，增加了经济成本(约17亿PA至GB)。淡水生态系统特别容易受到客栈通过贸易、运输和娱乐传播的影响。例如，斑马贻贝堵塞水管，鲑鱼虱子破坏鱼类种群，漂浮的一品草扰乱航行，可能导致洪水。一旦建立了客栈，管理它们往往是不切实际的，而且成本高昂。我们最有效的应对措施是强有力的生物安全，以防止它们的引入和传播，2015年欧盟关于外来入侵物种的新立法强调了对引入途径的管理。2010年，DEFRA发起了“Check Clean Dry”运动，鼓励人们检查、清洁和干燥设备，以杀死潜在的“搭便车”客栈，并将其传播降至最低。然而，对这种处理的有效性的测试表明，EAS名单上的大多数物种实际上都在几天的干燥中存活了下来。我们发现，在手热水(450摄氏度)中浸泡设备会导致死亡率增加(&gt；95%，Anderson等人。2015年)。这种处理已被纳入EA和GB非土著物种秘书处的生物安全指南，但还需要进一步发展。EA已经发现，他们可以向工作人员和公众提供的务实建议的缺乏，加上对这些方法的有效性缺乏了解，正在削弱他们管理这一风险的能力。EA采纳和推广的生物安全建议必须对最广泛的风险有效，即入侵的非本地动植物，以及影响动植物的疾病和寄生虫。艺电即将启动一项整个业务的设施升级计划。他们需要知道哪些设施代表着对公共资金的有效和具有成本效益的使用。具体地说，他们需要知道在较低温度或较短时间内热水处理的效果；还有什么其他方法，以及它们对一系列威胁(动物、植物、疾病)有什么效力。这一证据基础将使他们能够应用与风险相适应的生物安全水平，并加强他们向客户提供的信息。制定有效和实用的生物安全做法，以减少入侵动物、植物、寄生虫和病原体的传播。通过制定适用于不同地点/组织的入侵者风险和可用资源的分层方法，提高成本效益和易用性。3.通过评估工作人员的意识和行为变化，评估EA内生物安全培训的效果。开发基于证据的干预措施以鼓励吸收和传播生物安全实践。方法学生将发展跨学科方法。实验室和田间试验将用于开发和测试EA确定的高风险入侵动植物和寄生虫的生物安全协议。数据分析将在R中进行，培训评估将使用现有的EA基线数据集以及定量(调查问卷)和定性(半结构化访谈)社会研究方法。定性分析将使用NVivo进行。通过与合作伙伴从设计到生产进行合作，该项目将提高EA及其客户的生物安全性，并将为Inns在英国的政策提供信息。

Invasive Non Native Species (INNS) threaten ecosystem services, with increasing economic costs (~£1.7bn pa to GB). Freshwaters ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the spread of INNS through trade, transport and recreation. E.g. zebra mussels block water pipes, salmon lice damage fish stocks, floating pennywort disrupts navigation and can lead to flooding. Once INNS become established it is often impractical and expensive to manage them. Our most effective response is robust biosecurity to prevent their introduction and spread, with new EU legislation on Invasive Alien Species 2015 emphasising management of pathways for introduction.In 2010, DEFRA launched the "Check Clean Dry" campaign, to encourage people to check, clean and dry equipment to kill potential "hitchhiking" INNS and minimise their spread. However, tests of the effectiveness of this treatment showed that most of the species on the EAs "least wanted" list that in fact survived several days' drying. We found that soaking equipment in hand-hot water (450 C) caused increased mortality (>95%, Anderson et al. 2015). This treatment has been incorporated into the biosecurity guidance of the EA and the GB Non Native Species Secretariat, but further development is needed.KNOWLEDGE GAPS. The EA have identified that the lack of pragmatic advice that they can offer staff and the public, coupled with poor understanding with regards the efficacy of these methods, is undermining their ability to manage this risk. It is essential that the biosecurityadvice the EA adopts and promotes is effective against the broadest range of risks possible, namely invasive non-native plants and animals, and the diseases and parasites that impact plants and animals. The EA are about to embark on a programme of facilities upgrades across the business. They need to know what facilities represent an efficient and costeffective use of public money. Specifically, they need to know the efficacy of hot-water treatment at lower temperatures or for shorter durations; what other methods exist, and what efficacy they have against a range of threats (animals, plants, diseases). This evidence base will allow them to apply a level of biosecurity that is appropriate for the risk as well asenhancing the information they provide to their customer.AIMS1. Develop effective and pragmatic biosecurity practices to reduce the spread of invasive animals, plants, parasites and pathogens.2. Improve cost effectiveness and ease of use by developing a tiered approach applicable to the risks of invaders and resources available at different sites/organisations 3. Assess the efficacy of biosecurity training within the EA by evaluating staff awareness and changes in behaviour.4. Develop evidence-based interventions to encourage uptake and spread of biosecurity practice.METHODS The student will develop an interdisciplinary approach. Lab and field trials will be used to develop and test biosecurity protocols for high risk invasive plants, animals and parasites identified by the EA. Data analysis will be in R. Evaluation of training will use existing EA baseline datasets as well as quantitative (survey questionnaires) and qualitative (semi-structured interviews) social research methods. Qualitative analysis will be conducted using NVivo. By working with the partner from design through to output, the project will lead to improved biosecurity across the EA and its customers and will inform INNS policy in the UK.