EMOTION REGULATION FROM INFANCY TO TODDLERHOOD

描述（改编自申请人的描述）：研究最近 记录了诸如自我安慰的行为（例如，拇指吸吮）和 在令人沮丧的情况下，凝视厌恶导致随后的减少， 在4个月和5个月大的婴儿中产生负面影响。什么是少 然而，众所周知的是与情绪调节的个体差异相关的因素。也就是说，情绪调节有一系列的能力， 对于这种可变性仍然相对未知。拟议将 情绪调节的发展是复杂的，涉及多个系统 在婴儿和他/她的环境中。因此，诸如儿童的 性别，气质，认知，新兴语言发展，发展中国家 与母亲的依恋关系的内部工作模式， 父亲、父母敏感性和家庭状况（例如，婚姻冲突） 都可能在情绪调节的发展中发挥作用。而且 提出情绪调节的变化，即使在婴儿期， 预测以后的社会能力，（例如，自我控制），遵守的能力 成年人的要求，以及自我主张的行为。父亲也是 包括在这项研究中，因为最近的研究表明， 在婴儿期，父母的角色可能与母亲不同;父亲可能特别 在儿童调节技能的发展中起着重要作用。 这项研究将是纵向的，将观察婴儿和父母 在实验室环境中，当婴儿为3、5、7、12、14和20个月时， 年龄前三次访问将集中在婴儿的情感和调节 在静止面孔范式中的反应以及 父母对婴儿的反应敏感性 情绪化将在12个月（婴儿-母亲）和14个月（婴儿-父亲）访视时收集附件数据。最后，对儿童社会能力的测量， 几个实验室范例以及母亲和父亲的控制策略将是 在20个月访视时进行评估。调查问卷数据在适当的年龄也将 从母亲和父亲那里获得，以评估父母对他们的看法。 儿童的气质、语言发展、父母参与和婚姻 冲突 总之，本研究有四个目的：（1）检验相关因素， 从婴儿期到幼儿期情感调节的预测因子。(2)审查 婴儿早期的情绪调节模式在多大程度上 预测婴儿-父母依恋以及这种关系在多大程度上 通过父母的敏感性来调节或调节。(3)检查到的程度 婴儿期的情绪调节模式和依恋可以预测 情绪调节方式和社会能力。 (4)关于上述问题，比较过程 发生在婴儿-母亲对和婴儿-父亲对之间。

DESCRIPTION (Adapted from applicant's description): Research has recently documented that behaviors such as self-comforting (e.g., thumb sucking) and gaze aversion during frustrating situations lead to subsequent reductions in negative affect in infants as young as 4- and 5-months of age. What is less well known, however, are the factors associated with individual differences in emotion regulation. That is, there is a range of abilities in emotion regulation and what accounts for such variability is still relatively unknown. It is proposed that the development of emotion regulation is complex and involves multiple systems within the infant and his/her environment. Thus, factors such as the child's gender, temperament, cognitive, emerging language development, the developing internal working model of the attachment relationship with their mother and father, parent sensitivity, and familial conditions (e.g., marital conflict) may all play a part in the development of emotion regulation. Furthermore, it is proposed that variation in emotion regulation, even during infancy, will predict later social competence, (e.g., self-control), the ability to comply with adult requests, as well as self-assertive behaviors. The father is also included in this study because recent research is showing that the fathers' role may differ from the mothers during infancy; fathers may be particularly salient in children's development of regulation skills. The study will be longitudinal in which infants and parents will be observed in a laboratory setting when infants are 3, 5, 7, 12, 14, and 20 months of age. The first three visits will center on infants' affective and regulatory responses during the Still-Face Paradigm as well as mothers' and fathers' sensitivity in responding to their infants' emotionality. Attachment data will be collected at the 12 (infant-mother) and 14 month (infant-father) visits. Finally, measures of children's social competence during several laboratory paradigms as well as mothers' and fathers' control tactics will be assessed at the 20 month visit. Questionnaire data at appropriate ages also will be obtained from mothers and fathers to assess parents' perceptions of their child's temperament, language development, parental involvement, and marital conflict. In sum, four goals guide this study: (1) To examine the correlates and predictors of affect regulation from infancy to toddlerhood. (2) To examine the degree to which emotion regulatory patterns during early infancy are predictive of infant-parent attachment and to what extent such relations are mediated or moderated by parent sensitivity. (3) To examine the extent to which emotion regulatory patterns and attachment during infancy predict later styles of emotion regulation and social competence during toddlerhood. (4) With respect to the above-mentioned questions, to compare processes occurring for infant-mother dyads versus infant-father dyads.