Data mining for surface change discovery on the lunar surface from orbital images

至少在过去的450年里，业余天文学家和专业天文学家一直在观测月球表面的瞬变事件，称为撞击闪光(Boulet等人，2012年)(Buratti等人，2000年)。尽管有一些多光谱图像证据表明火山喷发，但人们认为这主要是由于陨石撞击造成的。然而，在轨道图像中，只有非常有限的证据来证明这些闪光的来源(参见。和Buratti&Johnson，2003)，到目前为止已经出版。其中一个原因是要处理从阿波罗宇航员摄影、月球轨道器数字化胶片、克莱门汀多光谱帧图像和LROC最近的推扫式图像等不同来源获得的大量月球图像，这是一个巨大的任务。不幸的是，这些图像并没有统一地共同配准到任何基本数据集，而且许多图像甚至没有任何地理参考信息。在使用数据挖掘的STFC变化检测项目(MSSL联合授予ST/K000977/1)下，已经开发了用于自动联合配准、DTM检索和随后的正射校正的技术，以产生亚像素联合注册ORI的时间序列。然而，这些只应用于火星的轨道图像。在这个项目中，计划修改这些自动配准技术，并将其应用于月球，使用来自日本、印度、中国和美国传感器的所有相关图像数据，从20世纪60年代到现在的月球极高分辨率(&lt；20厘米)图像数据。数据挖掘技术将被用来搜索月球图像在应用图像归一化后的变化，以考虑到观察和照明条件的差异及其与表面的相互作用。这些数据挖掘结果也将使用MoonZoo项目的数据进行验证，如果有的话，以评估哪个是最好的来源。然后，除了产生尽可能高的DTM外，还将使用目前轨道上可用的大量光谱和定向测量来研究检测到的任何变化。这位即将入学的学生在他的空间科学硕士论文期间开发的自动陨石坑探测软件将用于绘制探测到新陨石坑的大片区域，以确定这种随机影响对年龄测定的影响，方法是使用Neukum(1983,1984)开发的陨石坑年代学方法，引用Bouley等人的参考文献。(2012)撞击月球的能量和持续时间：辐射原因的含义。《伊卡洛斯》，第218卷，第115-124页，Buratti等人。(2000)月球瞬变现象：克莱门汀图像揭示了什么？《伊卡洛斯》，第146卷，第98-117页，布拉蒂和约翰逊。(2013)利用月球表面的新陨石坑确定了1953年的月球闪光。《伊卡洛斯》，第161卷，第192-197Neukum，G.(1984)陨石轰击和行星表面的年代测定。论文--1983年2月。美国宇航局技术备忘录TM-77558(德文论文的英文译本，最初发表于1983年2月)，第1-158页。

Transient events on the lunar surface, known as impact flashes (Boulet et al., 2012), have been observed by amateur and professional astronomers, for at least the last 450 years (Buratti et al., 2000). These are believed to be primarily due to meteoritic impacts, although there is some multispectral image evidence of volcanic emissions. However, there is only very limited evidence of the origin of these flashes in orbital images (loc.cit. and Buratti & Johnson, 2003) which have been published to date. One of the reasons for this is the massive task of working through a very large number of images acquired of the Moon from sources as diverse as Apollo astronaut photography, Lunar orbiter digitised film, CLEMENTINE multispectral frame images and the more recent pushbroom images from LROC. Unfortunately, these images are not all uniformly co-registered to any base dataset and many do not even have any georeferencing information. Under the STFC change detection using data mining project (MSSL Consolidated grant ST/K000977/1), techniques have been developed for automated co-registration, DTM retrieval and subsequent orthorectification to produce time series of sub-pixel co-registered ORIs. However, these have only been applied to orbital images of Mars. In this project, it is planned to modify and apply these automated registration techniques to the Moon employing all the relevant image data from the 1960s to the present-day very high resolution (<20cm) image data of the Moon from Japanese, Indian, Chinese and US sensors. Data mining techniques will be employed to search for changes in lunar images after applying image normalisation to take into account differences in the viewing and illumination conditions and their interaction with the surface. These data mining results will also be validated using data from the MoonZoo project, where available, to assess which is the best source. Any changes detected will then be studied using the vast panoply of spectral and directional measurements available from orbit today in addition to the generation of the highest possible DTMs. Automated crater detection software, developed by the incoming student during his MSc Space Science dissertation, will be used to map large regions where new craters have been detected to determine what effect such random impacts have on the age dating using crater chronology methods developed by Neukum (1983,1984) Cited referencesBouley et al. (2012) Power and duration of impact flashes on the Moon: Implication for the cause of radiation. Icarus, vol. 218 pp. 115-124Buratti et al. (2000) Lunar Transient Phenomena: What Do the Clementine Images Reveal? Icarus, vol. 146 pp. 98-117Buratti and Johnson. (2013) Identification of the lunar flash of 1953 with a fresh crater on the moon's surface. Icarus, vol. 161 pp. 192-197Neukum, G.(1984) Meteorite bombardment and dating of planetary surfaces. Thesis - Feb. 1983. NASA Technical Memorandum TM-77558 (English translation of German thesis published originally in February 1983), pp. 1-158.