Exploring 'smart citizenship' as a socio-technical ecology: the case of Oxfordshire, UK

为响应ESRC的战略重点--“身处数字时代的方式”，这项研究将被嵌入到关于智能城市、大数据和公民身份的新兴文献中。智慧城市是通过不同的合作伙伴、利益相关者和发展轨迹形成的，这些都会影响“智慧公民”的构建方式。与Greenfield(2006)的断言类似，即‘Everyware’技术“将在不同的地方以不同的方式出现：也就是说，不存在也不会有一个连续的采用”(第167页)，现有的或专门建造的智能城市没有一个模式。“自上而下”的模式可以建议关键利益相关者之间为了聪明公民的最终利益而制定一项有组织的战略。霍兰兹(2015)将私人公司主导的智慧城市视为“企业智慧城市”，它被批评为城市创业主义的“高科技”变体。在这种智慧城市中，“只有通过智慧的企业愿景，结合创业形式的城市治理和庞大的顺从和包容的公民群体，才能有效地实现这一目标”(第62页)。这增加了冲突的可能性，因为“如果一些最初由公共资助、以社会包容为目标的聪明举措，被私营部门的担忧取代，而这些企业的目标变成了纯粹的盈利，那该怎么办？”(霍兰兹，2008，第306页)。企业智慧城市也可以被视为“为商业活动和刺激创业新形式的增长提供支持基础设施”(第2页)。然而，这意味着“聪明的公民”可能存在于高度层级的战略中，在智慧城市的交付中参与有限。“自下而上”或社区模式可以被视为创造了智慧城市，造就了聪明的公民，而不是聪明的公民。这方面的一个例子是Face Your World项目，这是一个3D模拟环境软件，阿姆斯特丹社区的年轻人通过将图像和想法上传到网上进行相互辩论，合作设计了一个城市公园(De Lange&De Waal，2013)。通过软件代理，这一众包计划说服了当地政府放弃最初的公园计划，转而选择替代方案。针对缺乏深入的实证案例研究(Kitchin，2015)，该研究将专注于牛津市发生的智能城市倡议。这是由牛津战略伙伴关系(OSP)协调的，OSP是公共部门(如市议会、NHS、警察)、商业(如UniPart)、学术界(牛津大学、牛津布鲁克斯大学)以及志愿组织和社区组织(如牛津郡社区和志愿行动)的一套合作组织，其核心承诺是通过“严格的公民参与”在现有的“智能”倡议和技术的基础上再接再厉(Smart Oxford Project Board，2015，p.18)。审查这些核心参与者的政策文件和在线内容将提供理论上的论述框架，在这一战略中体现“聪明的”和“聪明的公民”的含义。此外，参加牛津市议会和牛津郡议会的公开会议或任何一所大学举办的讲座，都将为智慧公民的讨论提供洞察力。这也将使学术文献和其他智能城市之间的比较分析成为可能。然后将开发三个或更多的案例研究，以探索智能牛津分类项目中智能公民的多样性：移动性、能源、可持续发展、机器人和创新。由于OSP将建立在现有项目的基础上(图1,2015)，可能会在以后完善研究设计时出现更多令人感兴趣的倡议。

Responding to the ESRC strategic priority of 'ways of being in a digital age' the research will be embedded in emergent literatures on smart cities, big data and citizenship. Smart cities emerge through varying partnerships, stakeholders and trajectories that affect how the 'smart citizen' is constructed. Similarly to Greenfield's (2006) assertion that 'everyware' technology "will appear differently in different places: that is, there is and will be no one continuum of adoption" (p.167), there is not one model for existing nor purpose-built smart cities. A 'top-down' model could suggest an organised strategy between key stakeholders for the end benefit of the smart citizen. Critiqued as a 'high tech' variation of urban entrepreneurialism, Hollands (2015) sees private firm-led smart cities as a 'corporate smart city' where it can "only be effectively delivered through a corporate vision of smartness, in conjunction with an entrepreneurial form of urban governance and a large compliant and accommodating citizenry" (p.62). This raises the potential for conflict as "what if some smart initiative which started out as publicly funded and with social inclusion as a goal, become overtaken by private sector concerns whose goal becomes purely profit-making?" (Hollands, 2008, p.306). The corporate smart city could also be seen as providing the "supporting infrastructure for business activity and growth stimulating new forms of entrepreneurship" (p.2). However, this means the 'smart citizen' could exist within a highly hierarchal strategy with limited involvement in the delivery of the smart city. A 'bottom-up' or community model could be seen as producing the smart city with the smart citizen, rather than of the smart citizen. An example of this is exemplified by the Face Your World project - a 3D simulation environment software where young people in a neighbourhood community in Amsterdam collaboratively designed a city park by uploading images and ideas online for debate amongst each other (De Lange & De Waal, 2013). Through the agency of software, this crowd sourced plan persuaded the local government to abandon their initial plans for the park in preference of its alternative.Responding to the lack of in-depth empirical case studies (Kitchin, 2015) the research will focus on smart city initiatives taking place in the city of Oxford. This is coordinated by the Oxford Strategic Partnership (OSP) - a set of collaborative organisations across the public sector (such as the city council, the NHS, the police), business (e.g. Unipart), academia (University of Oxford, Oxford Brookes University) and voluntary and community organisations (such as the Oxfordshire Community and Voluntary Action) with the core of its pledge to build on existing 'smart' initiatives and technologies with "rigorous citizen engagement" (Smart Oxford Project Board, 2015, p.18). Examining policy documents and online content from these core actors will provide the theoretical discursive framing embodying meanings of 'smart' and 'smart citizenship' within this strategy. Additionally, attending public meetings from Oxford City Council and Oxfordshire County Council or talks such as those hosted by either university will provide insight to discourses of smart citizenship. Together this will also enable comparative analyses between the academic literature and other smart cities.Three or more case studies will then be developed in order to explore the diversity of smart citizenship across the projects categorised by Smart Oxford; mobility, energy, sustainability, robotics, innovation. As the OSP will build on current projects (Figure 1, 2015) it may be possible that additional initiatives of interest may emerge while later refining the research design.