Understanding nanoparticle formation and oxidation processes of soot from modern gasoline direct injection engines using advanced characterisation too

随着当前对减少温室气体排放的关注，汽车公司越来越多地关注汽油直喷(GDI)发动机。直接喷射系统提供了所需的二氧化碳排放减少，然而，它受到烟尘增加的影响。由于GDI发动机将是未来几十年最常用的内燃机类型，减少颗粒物排放是一个关键的关注领域。烟尘特性的知识对于设计合适的机油配方和废气后处理系统至关重要。为了全面了解材料的特性，必须采用各种分析技术。虽然一些技术，如透射电子显微镜(TEM)已被广泛用于分析烟尘，但它们的使用还有待改进，以实现更短的时间尺度。此外，其他方法，如原子力显微镜(AFM)，到目前为止要么没有使用，要么几乎没有使用。然而，原子力显微镜尤其可以提供有关样品的机械性能的信息。只有以互补的方式结合不同的技术，才能实现对碳烟的完整表征。

With the current focus on reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases, automotive companies are increasingly looking at gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. The direct injection system delivers desired reductions of CO2 emissions, however, it suffers from increased soot. As the GDI engine will be the most used internal combustion engine type for the next couple decades, reduction of particulate matter emissions is a key area of interest. Knowledge of soot properties is crucial for design of suitable oil formulation and exhaust gas aftertreatment systems. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the material characteristics a variety of analysis techniques has to be employed. While some techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been widely used to analyse soot, their use has yet to be improved to allow for shorter time scales. Furhter, other methods like atomic force microscopy (AFM) have either not or only scarcely been used to date. However, AFM in particular can provide information on the mechanical properties of the sample. Only by combining different techniques in a complementing way, a complete characterisation of the soot can be achieved.