STUDIES ON CHILDREN WITH EARLY FOCAL BRAIN INJURY

在过去的15年里，我们在lf研究方面取得了重大进展 先天性损伤儿童语言和情感发育 大脑的一侧（FL）。在每一种行为中，我们都涵盖了 初始缺陷的证据，以及病变侧和部位的特定影响，但 这些最初的赤字之后是大幅度的复苏， 发展，提供了强有力的证据，行为和神经 在这个群体中的可塑性。此外，我们已经证明， 赤字和复苏的比例在各个领域都不同。在语言上，损伤- 症状相关性存在于生命的最初几年，但它们不 类似于在成人中观察到的模式;到5-7岁，具体 病变侧和部位的影响似乎完全消失。在 空间认知、病变-症状相关性在整个儿童期持续存在 和青春期，虽然在一个温和的形式，并继续类似于 在成人中观察到的相关性。这些结果与一个大的 关于动物可塑性和重组的文献，支持这种观点 大脑的发育是一个动态的、反应灵敏的、自我组织的过程， 系统但他们也提供了一个独特的角度对可塑性和大脑 人类的组织。我们现在处于有利地位， 新的步骤，融合使用功能性磁共振成像 （fMRI），事件相关脑电位（ERP），结合类似 “在线”（定时”语言，空间认知和 空间注意力。这些融合的方法将产生前所未有的 关于“替代大脑计划”的信息， FL. E儿童的发展过程也将继续， 图表语言和认知发展到青春期，使用 基准“离线”（不定时的”语言测量（包括 对在学校和工作中取得成功至关重要的话语），视觉空间 认知、记忆和执行功能。在所有措施中， FL儿童将系统地与儿童的结果进行比较， 在其他人群中，包括特殊语言障碍，威廉姆斯 综合症，唐氏综合症，和新的项目研究其他形式的FL。

Over the past 15 years, we have made significant progress in the study lf language and affective development in children with congenital injuries to one side of the brain (FL). In each behavioral , we have covered evidence of initial deficits, and specific effects of lesion side and site, but these initial deficits are followed by substantial recovery and development, providing strong evidence for behavioral and neural plasticity in this population. Furthermore, we have shown that trajectories of deficit and recovery differ across domains. In language, lesion- symptom correlations exist in the first years of life, but they do not resemble the patterns observed in adults; by 5-7 years of age, specific effects of lesion side and site seem to have disappeared altogether. In spatial cognition, lesion-symptom correlations persist across childhood and adolescence, albeit in a mild form, and continue to resemble the correlations observed in adults. These results are compatible with a large literature on plasticity and reorganization in animals, supporting the view that brain development is a dynamic, responsive and self-organizing system. But they also offer a unique perspective on plasticity and brain organization in humans. We are now well-positioned to take a historic new steps, with convergent use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), event-related brain potentials(ERP), combined with analogous "on-line" (timed" behavioral studies of language, spatial cognition and spatial attention. These convergent methods will yield unprecedented information about the "alternative brain plans" that have emerged across the course of development in children with FL. E will also continue to chart language and cognitive development into adolescence, using benchmark "off-line" (untimed" measures of language (including aspects of discourse that re critical to success in school and work), visual-spatial cognition, memory and executive function. On all measures, results for children with FL will be compared systematically to findings for children in other populations, including Specific Language Impairment, Williams Syndrome, Down Syndrome, and new project studying other forms of FL.