Engineering 'Modern' Scotland: The Stevenson Maps and Plans and Scotland's Built Infrastructure, c. 1800-1900

我打算解决的主要问题将是“现代”苏格兰是如何构建的，无论是在物质上还是在意识形态上。是什么样的权力关系和意识形态惯例使苏格兰的某些愿景能够采取物理形式，而将其他愿景委托给纯粹的理论？工程师或工程公司在塑造如何理解空间和基础设施方面发挥了什么作用？这是否随时间、工程师个人或地理位置的不同而有所不同？是经济因素单独塑造了建筑项目，还是其他理想、优先事项和偏好在苏格兰建筑环境的最终决定中发挥了作用？不同类型的项目是否需要在论证时援引不同的假设和原则？苏格兰的不同愿景是在不同的计划中表达的，还是在苏格兰建筑环境的创造中所有参与者之间有一个连贯的、共同的愿景？该项目还将密切关注地理和时间的特殊性，特别是考虑工程师是否将不同的结构应用于某些地方，如果是这样，这表明了这个时代的民族认同问题和苏格兰民族概念的一致性。苏格兰国家图书馆保存着史蒂文森工程公司的3,000多幅地图和计划的档案，此外还有大量的书面材料档案。相对而言，这一系列的工作做得很少，特别是很少有研究使用的集合凝聚力，结合书面和视觉来源。在我的项目中，我的目标是仔细研究这些文件，利用为不同受众制作的视觉和文本来源的组合，对公司提出和传播的苏格兰愿景进行详细而细致的理解。史蒂文森工程公司在十九世纪和二十世纪参与了苏格兰各地各种基础设施项目的设计、建造和维护。作为国家不断变化的景观的重要贡献者，对这家公司的论文进行详细调查应该可以提供有趣的见解，了解现代苏格兰是如何概念化的，以及什么样的权力，意识形态和团体最能够在物理和想象力方面塑造景观。我将通过考虑其他地图、图表、计划和书面文件来补充史蒂文森工程公司的文件，以比较史蒂文森工程公司产生的愿景与不同团体为不同目的创造的同一空间的表示。我希望这将使我能够将史蒂文森工程公司置于世纪关于基础设施、空间和景观的更广泛的背景下，并解决与物理空间有关的权力和代理问题。通过使用一个单一的公司，以解决有关的假设，意识形态和权力参与塑造苏格兰的景观更广泛的问题的研究，这个项目将提供重要的洞察力，塑造了现代苏格兰在十九世纪的愿景的力量。它将有助于围绕现代性的性质以及人们采用或抵制理性主义、秩序、科学和技术思想的方式进行辩论。此外，由于国家景观在国家认同的形成中发挥了重要作用，我希望了解有关国家景观的想法是如何制定的，调制和施加在物理空间上将提供有关苏格兰国家认同问题的重要见解。因此，这项研究将扩大知识和理解到身份，民族，科学和技术的作用和现代性的概念在十九世纪的关键问题。

The major question I intend to address will be how 'modern' Scotland was constructed, both physically and ideologically. What power relations and ideological conventions enabled certain visions of Scotland to take physical form but consigned others to the purely theoretical? What role did the engineer or engineering company take in shaping how space and infrastructure was understood? Did this differ over time, between individual engineers or across geographical locations? Did economic factors alone shape building projects or did other ideals, priorities and preferences play a part in eventual decisions about Scotland's built environment? Did different types of project require different assumptions and principles to be invoked in their justification? Were different visions of Scotland expressed in different plans, or was there a coherent, shared vision between all involved in the creation of the Scottish built environment? This project will also pay close attention to geographical and temporal specificity, in particular considering whether engineers applied different constructs to certain places and, if so, what this indicates about questions of national identity and the coherency of the concept of a Scottish nation in this era. The National Library of Scotland holds an archive of over 3,000 maps and plans from the Stevenson Engineering Company, in addition to an extensive archive of written material. Relatively little work has been done on this collection, in particular very little research has used the collection cohesively, combining written and visual sources. During my project, I aim to carefully examine these documents, utilising a combination of visual and textual sources produced for different audiences to develop a detailed and nuanced understanding of the vision of Scotland proposed and disseminated by the company. The Stevenson Engineering Company was involved in the design, construction and maintenance of a variety of infrastructure projects across Scotland in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. As a significant contributor to the changing landscape of the nation, a detailed investigation into the papers of this company should provide interesting insight into how modern Scotland was conceptualised and what powers, ideologies and groups were the most able to shape the landscape in both physical and imaginative terms. I will supplement the Stevenson Engineering Company documents by considering other maps, charts, plans and written documents to compare the vision generated by the Stevenson Engineering Company with the representations of the same space created by different groups for different purposes. I hope that this will enable me to place the Stevenson Engineering Company within the wider context of nineteenth century ideas about infrastructure, space and landscape and to address questions of power and agency with regards to physical space. By using this study of a single company to address wider questions about the assumptions, ideologies and powers involved in shaping Scotland's landscape, this project will provide significant insight into the forces that shaped a vision of modern Scotland in the nineteenth century. It will contribute to debates surrounding the nature of modernity and the ways in which people adopted or resisted ideas of rationalism, order, science and technology. Furthermore, because of the important role played by the national landscape in the formation of a national identity, I hope that knowing how ideas about the national landscape were formulated, modulated and imposed on physical space will provide significant insight into questions about Scottish national identity. This research will therefore extend knowledge and understanding into key questions of identity, the nation, the role of science and technology and the concept of modernity in the nineteenth century.