Gene Expression & Signal Transduction in Transformation

我们的研究目标是了解细胞生长、分化和肿瘤转化的分子和遗传机制。我们研究了BALB/c小鼠浆细胞瘤、b细胞淋巴瘤和其他小鼠和人类实验肿瘤系统的癌基因、肿瘤抑制基因和信号转导蛋白。这些是有价值的实验模型，因为它们与人类多发性骨髓瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤和其他人类恶性肿瘤有许多共同的生物学和分子遗传学特征，需要了解这些肿瘤的机制，以便设计出更具体的治疗和预防措施。与大鼠免疫细胞瘤和人伯基特淋巴瘤一样，BALB/c浆细胞瘤的特征是主要致癌基因c- myc的信使RNA和蛋白质的组成性表达。最常见的是，浆细胞瘤中c-Myc表达失调继发于c-Myc基因附近的染色体易位。目前尚不清楚为什么c-Myc癌基因的表达失调会导致人类和小鼠细胞中许多不同形式的肿瘤，或者需要哪些额外的突变才能完全转化。Myc表达改变的一个重要后果可能是基因组不稳定，以染色体外和染色体内扩增的形式，以及随后对DNA合成和细胞增殖至关重要的几个基因的过表达，包括细胞周期蛋白D2。其他如核糖核苷酸还原酶亚基2 （RNR2）被扩增但不过度表达。我们正在积极地研究有多少这样的基因可以被这种机制放大，以及是什么决定了它们的表达或缺乏。本研究的另一个重要发现是发现细胞周期蛋白D2是原癌基因c-Myc激活表达的直接靶点。

Our research objective is to understand the molecular and genetic mechanisms responsible for cell growth, differentiation and neoplastic transformation. We study the oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes and signal-transducing proteins involved in BALB/c mouse plasmacytomas, B-cell lymphomas and other mouse and human experimental tumor systems. These are valuable experimental models, because they have many biological and molecular genetic features in common with human multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and other human malignancies that are in need of mechanistic understanding in order to devise more specific therapy and preventive measures. BALB/c plasmacytomas, like rat immunocytomas and human Burkitt lymphomas, are characterized by constitutive expression of messenger RNA and protein from the master oncogene, c-Myc. Most commonly, c-Myc expression in plasmacytomas is dysregulated secondary to a chromosomal translocation in the vicinity of the c-Myc gene. It is still not clear why dysregulated expression of the c-Myc oncogene leads to many different forms of tumors in human and mouse cells or which additional mutations are required for complete transformation. One mechanism that may be important consequence of altered Myc expression is genomic instability, in the form of extra- and intra-chromosomal amplification, and the subsequent overexpression of several genes that are crucial for DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, including cyclin D2. Others, such as ribonucleotide reductase subunit 2 (RNR2) are amplified but not overexpressed. We are actively engaged in learning how many such genes can be amplified by this mechanism and what determines their expression or lack thereof. Another important finding from this study is the discovery that cyclin D2 is a direct target of expression activation by the proto-oncogene, c-Myc. In the study of signal transduction, we are investigating protein kinase C (PKC), a multigene family of at least 12 structurally related isoenzymes that are important mediators of many forms of signal transduction. Using a variety of expression vectors, we have overexpressed many of the PKCs in fibroblasts, lymphocytic and myeloid cell lines. This has made possible the identification of specific functions and intracellular targets for the individual PKC isoenzymes. We have been focusing on the delta and epsilon isoenzymes, which seem to have opposite effects on cell proliferation. We have shown that PKC-delta is responsible for myeloid differentiation and growth inhibition, while overexpressed PKC-epsilon stimulates cell growth and transforms fibroblasts into tumor cells. We are dissecting the structure of these isoenzymes to determine which protein domains control these functions. We have shown that most of the isoenzyme-specific determinants are located in the catalytic half (the carboxyl-terminal domain) of these PKCs by creating reciprocal chimeric cDNAs that encode molecules that are half PKC-delta and half PKC-epsilon. Chimeric molecules that have carboxyl-terminal PKC-delta sequences are able to cause macrophage differentiation much like the parent all-PKC-delta protein. Similarly, a PKC chimera with a PKC-epsilon carboxyl-terminus, retains the neoplastic transformation potential of the all-PKC-epsilon protein. We are further dissecting the structure of the catalytic domain to determine which sub-domains determine PKC isoform-specific functions. We are also studying the nature of PKC's involvement in plasmacytoma induction and apoptosis, in cytoskeleton-related changes in cell shape, and in metastasis of these and other types of tumors, including human prostate cancer. We have shown that phorbol ester-activation of overexpressed PKC-delta disrupts the actin cytoskeleton in human and mouse lymphocytes, leading to the loss of membrane ruffling, a surface alteration needed for cell movement, and the loss of the typical elongated shape of these cells. We think that this effect is due to PKC-mediated changes in the phosphorylation of the adaptor molecule, paxillin. We have embarked on a series of studies of alterations in gene expression during signal transduction and neoplastic transformation using differential display and using microarray hybridization. Collaborators on this research include Charles Vinson, Ph.D., Peter Blumberg, Ph.D., Qiming Wang, Ph.D. & Jane Trepel, NCI; Sabine Mai, Ph.D., & Theodore Kuschak, Ph.D. Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, Larisa Romanova, M.D., Ph.D., Harvard Medical School and Harald Mischak, Ph.D., & Michael Kracht, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.