Ecological Techne: Craft, Knowledge & Technology in Sustainable Community Developments. A Sociology of Technology Approach to Sustainable Development

这项研究旨在将技术社会学的焦点带入可持续发展。一种观点坚持认为，技术是客观的，与人类是分开的，就像自然界在历史上被概念化为分开一样。然而，人类的进化是外生的，工具和我们的物质环境从一开始就是我们发展不可或缺的部分(Medawar 1975)。因此，必须从社会学角度探讨人与技术之间的关系，并为可持续发展努力带来新的曙光。跨学科地将实现可持续性视为一个紧迫的问题，面临着广泛的资源枯竭和生物多样性丧失的威胁(Baker 2016)。技术发展以可持续性为前提的想法占主导地位，研究和投资往往在于技术创新，只剩下物理科学。人们往往将责任归咎于技术本身，但必须将技术理解为社会价值观、结构和实践的产物(Baker 2016，Bijker 1995；2006；2007，Winner 1986)。只有在技术使用者和创造者之间、社区和更广泛的政府当局之间共享知识，并且当社会和文化价值与可持续发展议程的目标相匹配时，才有可能有效地实施可持续性(盖伊和推搡2000、推搡2003、费舍尔2000、贝克2016)。关键问题：技术如何帮助实现可持续发展或与之背道而驰？社会和文化价值如何在物质安排中表达？知识和理解如何与技术的“解释灵活性”有关(Collins 1981，Pinch和Bijker 1986)？

This research aims to bring a Sociology of Technology focus to sustainable development. A view persists that technology is objective and separate from human beings, in the same way nature has been conceptualised historically as separate. Human evolution has been an exogenetic one however, with tools and our material environment integral to our development from the very beginning (Medawar 1975). Thus, the relationship between humans and technology is essential to be explored sociologically and brings new light to sustainable development efforts. Achieving sustainability is conceived, across disciplines, as a pressing issue with the threat of extensive resource depletion and the loss of biodiversity (Baker 2016). The idea that technological development presupposes sustainability dominates, with research and investment often lying in technological innovation and left to the physical sciences alone. Blame is often placed in technology itself but technology must be understood as a product of social values, structures and practices (Baker 2016, Bijker 1995; 2006; 2007, Winner 1986). Effectively implementing sustainability is only possible when knowledge is shared by the users of technology and creators, between communities and wider governmental authorities and when social and cultural values match the goals of a sustainable development agenda (Guy and Shove 2000, Shove 2003 Fischer 2000, Baker 2016). Key questions:How does technology help realise or work against sustainability? How are social and cultural values expressed in material arrangements?How does knowledge and understanding relate to an 'interpretive flexibility' (Collins 1981, Pinch and Bijker 1986) of technology?