Ancient river systems on Mars: geological studies using high-resolution images and Digital Terrain Models

-利用最新的高分辨率图像和地形模型研究火星上的“倒立河道”（保存完好的古代河流系统），目的是了解火星历史时期河流活动的时间和程度，这与寻找过去生命的迹象最为相关。-该项目将重点关注火星的阿拉伯Terra地区，这是一个古老且严重退化的地区，包括两个候选的ExoMars火星车着陆点。该项目将包括绘制反河道系统和Antoniadi陨石坑可能的湖泊沉积物（例如http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_007095_2020）描述：火星的阿拉伯Terra地区位于赤道以北，位于古老的南部高地和最近形成的火星北部平原之间。在火星最古老的“诺亚纪”时期，该地区经历了大量的沉积物沉积和严重的侵蚀。最近，人们观察到阿拉伯地含有大量河流活动的证据，其形式是广泛的，但不连续的河流“倒转河道”bbb。这些地貌是古代河床的遗迹。它们现在形成了直立的山脊，因为河道比周围的地形更能抵抗侵蚀。在这个项目中，我们将首先采取综合视角，使用高分辨率（HiRISE， 25厘米/像素）和中分辨率（Cassis和CTX， 5-6米/像素）图像，通过详细描述整个地区的形态、地层学和侵蚀风格，对河道系统进行详细研究。本研究的关键要素包括为河道制定分类方案，限制形态和地层学的变化，并将它们与陆地河流倒转河道[例如，2]以及与火星其他地方倒转河道和常规河道[例如，3]进行比较和对比。该项目的第二部分将集中在一个特定的区域——Antoniadi陨石坑。Antoniadi火山口代表了诺亚亚晚期环境的一个缩影：它是一个火山口湖，拥有诺亚亚时代的出口通道，火山口的底部有各种地形，从真正的树突倒转的通道系统，空间上与多边形地形和沉积物扇状地貌相关，到火山侵入和小型火山建筑隆起的表面。重要的是，Antoniadi陨石坑事件发生的时间可以通过叠加大型撞击坑和其他地质事件来确定，比如来自附近的sytis Major火山省的熔岩流的就位。成功的学生将制作该地区的地质/地貌图，以建立古代火星流水历史的精细视图。

- Study "inverted fluvial channels" (ancient preserved river systems) on Mars using the latest high-resolution images and terrain models, with the aim of understanding the timing and extent of fluvial activity during the period of Mars' history most relevant to the search for signs of past life.- The project will focus on the Arabia Terra region of Mars - an ancient and heavily degraded region that includes both candidate ExoMars Rover landing sites. The project will include mapping inverted channels systems and possible lake deposits in Antoniadi Crater (e.g. http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_007095_2020) Description: The Arabia Terra region of Mars sits north of the equator, between the ancient southern highlands and the more recently emplaced northern plains of Mars. The region underwent significant deposition of sediments and significant erosion during Mars' most ancient "Noachian" period. Recently, Arabia Terra has been observed to contain evidence for significant fluvial activity in the form of extensive, but discontinuous fluvial "inverted channels" [1]. These features are the preserved remnants of ancient riverbeds. They now form upstanding ridges because the channels are more erosion resistant than the terrains surrounding them. In this project, we will first take a synoptic view, using both high-resolution (HiRISE, 25cm/pixel) and medium resolution (Cassis and CTX, 5-6 m/pixel) images to study the channel systems in detail by detailing their morphology, stratigraphy, and erosional style across the area. Key elements of this study include developing a classification scheme for the channels, constraining the variations in morphology and stratigraphy, and comparing and contrasting them with terrestrial fluvial inverted channels [e.g., 2], and with inverted and conventional fluvial channels elsewhere on Mars [e.g., 3].The second part of the project will focus on a specific area - Antoniadi crater. Antoniadi Crater represent a microcosm for the late Noachian environment: it is a crater lake with Noachian-aged outlet channel , and the floor of the crater hosts diverse terrains ranging from truly dendritic inverted channel systems spatially associated with polygonised terrains and sediment fan-like landforms, to surfaces uplifted by volcanic intrusions and small scale volcanic edifices. Importantly, the timing of events in Antoniadi Crater can be bracketed by superposing large impact craters and other geological events, such as emplacement of lava flows from the nearby Syrtis Major volcanic province. The successful student will produce a geological/geomorphological map of the region to build a refined view of the history of flowing water on ancient Mars.