United Nations Policy Discourse and Implementation: Addressing Sexual Exploitation in Peace Operations

参与联合国和平行动的机构行动者旨在将饱受冲突蹂躏的国家转移到持久和平的环境中。她们的身份主要是发挥安全作用，但她们的到来也与性别性剥削条件有关，这种条件对当地平民人口产生不利影响，并产生深远的后果。自从安全理事会（SC）第1325（2000）号决议通过后，对妇女、和平与安全（WPS）的研究和政治关注增加以来，和平行动中的性剥削并没有减少，这表明政策仍然存在于政治中，并没有在实地得到执行。尽管对妇女和社会议程的研究和政治关注正在出现，但联合国和平行动中的性剥削并没有减少，这表明政策仍然停留在政治领域，并没有在实地执行。此外，政策制定过程本身可能会对政策的解释和实现产生影响。本项目探讨各机构在政策制定和实施过程中如何解读《妇女和平与安全议程》，因为该议程涉及解决联合国和平行动中的性剥削和性虐待问题。这个问题很重要，因为它是维持和平行动合法性以及维和行动议程实现其目的的能力这一更广泛难题的一部分。“负面新闻”以及这类滥用行为的短期、中期和长期后果破坏了维和行动和维和行动的合法性。本研究希望促进性别与政策制定（特别是联合国安理会）和政策实施相关的理论知识。几位后结构主义学者推荐了这种类型的研究，它解决了我打算研究的许多关键背景（Huysmans 2006; Moulin and Nyers 2007; Ardau 2008, 98-117，引用于Coleman and Rosenow 2016:2）。在理论、政策和制度实践上，本研究具有女性主义的政治理论基础和后结构主义和解释主义的认识论基础。本研究将采用多学科方法，包括后结构主义女性主义理论，批判安全研究（CSS）和相关的教育学理论。该项目将包括定性研究，其形式包括：话语分析、半结构化访谈、参与者观察和焦点小组（模拟）。参与者应该来自西方国家，因为先入为主的观念是，他们将是“消息最灵通/训练最有素”的人，这使该项目能够看到被视为最高标准的培训。如果这些团体是“最好的”，而政策仍然没有达到他们的目标，那么就有一个更相关的起点来解决理论和操作问题。这种参与者的选择也可以提供一个机会，将韦伯（2016）的概念应用于性的不稳定逻辑和国际政治中的知识意志。将对旨在从政治和实践上加强和实施WPS议程的关键政策和实践文件进行话语分析。这种分析也可以在检查访谈和焦点小组中表达的话语表达方面产生丰富的结果。将对接受过该政策“训练”的部队进行半结构化采访。参与观察性别培训可以提供一个机会，探讨在和平行动中“执行”性别政策所采用的教学技术。焦点小组（模拟）将与那些接受过政策“培训”的人一起进行，提供一个观察参与者如何“执行”政策的机会。

The institutional actors involved in United Nations (UN) peace operations aim to move a conflict-torn country to an environment of lasting peace. In their capacity, they primarily perform a security role, but their arrival is also associated with gendered sexually exploitative conditions which negatively impact the local civilian population and which have far reaching consequences. Since the increased research and political attention towards Women, Peace and Security (WPS) after the adoption of Security Council (SC) Resolution 1325(2000), sexual exploitation in peace operations has not been reduced, suggesting that policies remain in the politic and are not being implemented on the ground. Despite the emerging research and political attention given to the WPS agenda, sexual exploitation in United Nations Peace Operations has not been reduced, suggesting that policies remain in the area of the politic and are not being implemented on the ground. Additionally, the policy making process itself may have implications for a policy's interpretation and implementation. This project asks how institutions interpret the Women Peace and Security (WPS) Agenda in policy development and implementation as it relates to addressing sexual exploitation and abuse in United Nations Peace Operations. This question is significant as a part of the wider puzzle of the legitimacy of peacekeeping operations as well as the ability of the WPS agenda to achieve its purpose. The 'bad press' and the short, medium and long-term consequences of this type of abuse undermine the legitimacy of both WPS and Peacekeeping operations. The research hopes to advance theoretical knowledge relating to gender and policy making, especially in the UNSC, and policy implementation. Several post-structuralist scholars recommend the type of research which addresses many of the key contexts that I intend to study (Huysmans 2006; Moulin and Nyers 2007; Ardau 2008, 98-117 cited in Coleman and Rosenow 2016:2). This study has a political rationale of feminism and an epistemological rationale in post-structuralism and interpretivism relative to the WPS agenda in theory, policy and institutional practice. This research will use a multidisciplinary approach including post-structuralist feminist theory, critical security studies (CSS) and relevant pedagogic theory. The project will include qualitative research, in the form of: discourse analysis, semi-structured interviews, participant observation and focus groups (simulations). The participants should come from a Western country, as the preconception that they will be the 'most well-informed/trained' offers the project an ability to look at what is seen as the highest standard of training. If these groups are 'the best' and policies still are not achieving their goals, then there is a more relevant starting point to address theoretical and operational issues. This choice of participants can also provide an opportunity to apply Weber's (2016) concepts on the unstable logics of sexuality and the will to knowledge in international politics. Discourse analysis will be conducted on key policy and practice documents which are intended to reinforce and implement the WPS Agenda politically and practically. This analysis could also produce rich results in examining the discursive articulations expressed in the interviews and focus groups. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with troops who have been "trained" in the policy. Participant observation of Gender training can offer an opportunity to explore the pedagogical techniques employed in "implementing" gender policies in peace operations. Focus groups (Simulations) will be conducted with those who have been "trained" in the policy, providing an to see how participants "do" the policies.