Basal ganglia fMRI in normal and Parkinsonian patients

这个项目试图通过研究基底神经节如何控制运动，以及它们如何在帕金森病中出现故障，来连接基础科学和临床科学。它允许具有正常基底神经节解剖学和生理学背景的候选人获得功能磁共振成像（fMRI）成像和运动障碍研究的实验。直到最近才有可能用功能磁共振成像成像基底神经节。我们的初步结果显示了可靠的，体位基底神经节通过运动激活，基底神经节激活中明显的左侧优势，并且与单侧任务相比，在双侧任务中基底神经节激活增加。我们如何假设(1)基底神经节对竞争性运动的排序或抑制很重要。(2)帕金森患者在纹状体和皮层中改变了运动相关的激活，这反映了他的抑制功能的破坏。(3)帕金森病的治疗方法，如多巴胺激动剂和苍白球病变（苍白球切除术）部分地使这种改变的激活正常化，但方式不同。该项目将推进运动处理的基础神经科学。例如，苍白球切开术是一个独特的机会，可以精确地测量基底神经节回路中病变的功能影响。这也会有直接的临床意义。目前还没有可靠的帕金森氏症诊断测试。未来的FMRI可能就是这样一种测试。功能磁共振成像也可能允许对帕金森病患者进行独立调查，例如运动障碍患者，他们将从某些治疗中获益更多。它可能有助于监测个别患者的治疗效果。最后，更好地理解基底神经节如何处理运动输入可能会为它们如何处理其他输入提供线索，主要是认知和边缘输入。这是非常有趣的，因为越来越多的证据表明基底神经节在学习和奖励、精神分裂症、强迫症和药物成瘾中起作用。

This project attempts to bridge basic and clinical science by examining how the basal ganglia control movement, and how they malfunction in Parkinson's disease. It allows the candidate, whose background is in normal basal ganglia anatomy and physiology, gain experiment in functional MRI (fMRI) imaging and the study of movement disorders. Only recently has it become possible to image the basal ganglia with fMRI. Our preliminary results show reliable, somatotopic basal ganglia activation by movement, pronounced left dominance in basal ganglia activation, and increased basal ganglia activation during bilateral compared to unilateral tasks. We how hypothesize (1) that the basal ganglia are important for sequencing or inhibition of competing movements. (2) Parkinsonians have altered movement-related activation in the striatum and cortex which reflects a disruption of his inhibition. (3) Therapies for Parkinson's disease such as dopamine agonists and globus pallidus lesions (pallidotomy)partially normalize this altered activation, but in different ways. The project would advance the basic neuroscience of motor processing. For instance, pallidotomy is a unique chance to measure the functional effects of precisely placed lesions in the basal ganglia circuit. It would also have direct clinical implications. There is currently no reliable diagnostic test for Parkinson's disease. FMRI might in the future prove to be such a test. FMRI might also allow independent investigation of Parkinsonian, such as patients with dyskinesias, who would benefit more from certain treatments. It may help monitor the efficacy of treatment in individual patients. Finally, better understanding of how the basal ganglia process motor inputs may provide clues how they process other inputs, chiefly cognitive and limbic This is of extreme interest because of the growing evidence for a basal ganglia role in learning and reward, and in schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and drug addiction.