Smart Autoclaves for High Temperature/High Pressure Corrosion Assessment.

研究背景：在油气、碳捕集与封存（CCS）或地热应用中，控制腐蚀对于减少因未检测到严重腐蚀机制而导致的设备故障非常重要。随着我们向更深的资源转移，自然环境变得非常恶劣，这增加了腐蚀失效和结垢的风险和复杂性，进而危及设备的效率和寿命。高温高压条件以及腐蚀性盐和溶解气体对各种组件的完整性构成了重大威胁，包括衬管和套管、井口、涡轮机、泵、阀门、热交换器、管道、分离器、冷凝器、H2S减排系统等。了解在高压高温（HPHT）环境下发生的腐蚀过程的复杂性质是减轻腐蚀相关故障的关键。高温高压环境中的腐蚀机制和反应非常迅速，对腐蚀行为的研究（特别是电化学腐蚀测量）在实验上非常具有挑战性。需要一个精确的系统来测量电化学行为，以便在高达250℃的温度和高达10 MPa的压力下捕获腐蚀反应和腐蚀产物动力学。合适的系统应包括电化学电池、电极设计、溶液/样品制备和实验方案。目的和目标。文献综述：-了解和回顾有关油田腐蚀电化学和CO2/H2S腐蚀、碳捕集与封存和地热应用的文献-确定当前行业需求和文献中的空白-对HPHT腐蚀研究中使用的当前技术和系统进行批判性分析-定义目前商用技术和系统用于HPHT腐蚀研究的局限性。系统设计：-开发具有集成电化学和维持O2水平<10 ppb稳定溶液化学能力的新型双高压灭菌器系统（最初适中的压力/温度-控制pH和Fe2+）-设计和开发具有维持HPHT动态条件下稳定溶液化学能力的新系统。项目阶段1：了解和回顾油田、碳捕集与封存和地热应用中腐蚀电化学和CO2/H2S腐蚀的相关文献（0 - 3个月）2：了解使用高压灭菌器进行腐蚀测试的测试标准和当前限制（0 - 3个月）3：确定双高压灭菌器设置所需的硬件和组件：使用内部现有设备，使用两个玻璃电池作为概念验证（3-6个月）4从LBBC Baskerville标准高压灭菌器收集数据（6-9个月）5：设计和开发集成电化学的双高压灭菌器（6-12）6：使用集成电化学的双高压灭菌器进行腐蚀研究（9-12个月）6.1开发系统的概念证明：-通过加热时间比较有预腐蚀和没有预腐蚀的结果-将系统中的O2减少到<10 ppb的方法-现场获得准确的腐蚀速率数据7：在低pCO2 （<10 bar）和低温（<150 C）的CO2环境中，在双高压灭菌器中开发pH和水化学的传感能力8开发具有（12-18个月）能力的全自动先进高压灭菌器系统：-在高温高压（100 bar和200 C）动态条件下保持稳定的溶液化学-现场给药/取样化学品-现场监测O2/pH值的方法9：基于拟议实验计划的腐蚀研究与详细的分析技术（18 -36个月）9.1。开发系统的概念证明：-比较有和没有发展溶液化学的结果

Context of research: Controlling corrosion in Oil and Gas, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) or Geothermal applications is important to mitigating equipment failure as a result of severe corrosion mechanisms going undetected. As we move to deeper resources, natural environments become very aggressive, increasing the risk and complexity of corrosion failures and scaling and in turn endangering the efficiency and longevity of the equipment. High temperature and pressure conditions, as well as corrosive salt and dissolved gases represent a major threat to the integrity of the various components, including liners and well casings, well heads, turbines, pumps, valves, heat exchangers, pipes, separators, condensers, H2S abatement systems, etc. Understanding the complex nature of corrosion processes observed in such industries that occur under high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) environments is the key mitigating corrosion-related failures. Corrosion mechanisms and reactions in HPHT environments can be extremely rapid and the investigation of the corrosion behaviour (in particular electrochemical corrosion measurements) can be very challenging experimentally. An accurate system is required to measure the electrochemical behaviour in order to capture the corrosion reactions and corrosion product kinetics at temperatures up to 250C and pressures up to 10 MPa. The suitable system should include the electrochemical cell, electrode designs, solution/sample preparation and experimental protocol.Aims and objectives. Literature review:- Understand and review the literature surrounding electrochemistry of corrosion and CO2/H2S corrosion in Oilfield, Carbon Capture & Storage and Geothermal Applications- Identify current industry needs and gaps in the literature- Perform a critical analysis of the current technology and systems used for HPHT corrosion studies - Define the current limitations of commercially available technology and systems used for HPHT corrosion studies.System design:- Development of a new dual autoclave system with integrated electrochemistry and the capability of maintaining a stable solution chemistry with O2 levels <10 ppb (initially moderate pressures/temperatures - control pH & Fe2+)- To design and develop a new system with the capability of maintaining a stable solution chemistry in HPHT dynamic conditions.Project Stages1: Understand and review the literature surrounding electrochemistry of corrosion and CO2/H2S corrosion in Oilfield, Carbon Capture & Storage and Geothermal Applications (0 - 3 months)2: Understanding of the testing standards and current limitations using autoclave for corrosion testing (0 - 3 months)3: Identify the hardware and components essential for a dual-autoclave set-up: Use existing equipment in-house using two glass cells as proof of concept (3-6 months)4: Data collection from LBBC Baskerville standard autoclave (6-9 months)5: Design and development of dual-autoclave with integrated Electrochemistry (6-12)6: Corrosion study using dual-autoclave set-up with integrated electrochemistry (9-12 months) 6.1. Proof of concept of developed system:- Compare results with and without pre-corrosion through heat-up time- Method for reducing O2 in system to < 10 ppb - Obtaining accurate corrosion rate data in-situ7: Development of sensory capabilities for pH and water chemistry in dual-autoclave in a CO2 environment at low pCO2 (<10 bar) and low temperature (<150 C)8: Development of a fully automated advanced autoclave system with the capability of (12-18 months):- Maintaining a stable solution chemistry in HTHP (100 bar and 200 C) dynamic conditions - Dosing/sampling chemicals in-situ - Method for monitoring O2/pH in-situ9: Corrosion study based on proposed experimental plan with detailed analysis techniques (18 -36 months)9.1. Proof of concept of developed system:- Compare results with and without evolving solution chemistry