Nitric Oxide and Severe Malaria

描述（由申请人提供）：疟疾在全球造成的死亡率高于任何其他寄生虫病，但缺乏对保护性免疫反应和疾病病理生理学的充分理解，严重疟疾的有效治疗方法有限。一氧化氮（NO）在体外对包括恶性疟原虫在内的多种生物体具有抗菌作用。此外，NO在体内对疟疾具有抗病作用。我们详细的实地研究（在非洲儿童和印度尼西亚成人）表明，疾病的严重程度和血液单核细胞（PBMC）诱导型NO合酶（NOS 2）的表达和全身NO的生产之间存在高度显着的负相关。我们发现了NOS 2和相关基因的新多态性，这些基因与NO的产生和对严重疟疾的抵抗力显著相关。该提案旨在继续我们的NIH资助的工作，以澄清NO在疟疾临床免疫和预防严重疟疾中的作用。我们将扩展我们目前在坦桑尼亚和伊里安查亚的病例对照研究，以确认我们新发现的多态性与疾病表现和严重程度的关联，我们将在健康受试者和疟疾患者中进行这些多态性的功能研究。在对重症和无并发症疟疾患者的纵向研究中，我们将研究宿主PBMC表达NOS 2的能力与重症疟疾易感性之间的关系。我们的目的是（1）描述两个不同人群中新型NOS 2和相关遗传多态性与疟疾疾病严重程度的关系;（2）确定这些疟疾相关NOS 2多态性的功能意义（体外和体内）;（3）在纵向研究中，确定PBMC NOS 2表达和活性是否与个体对严重疟疾的易感性直接相关。实现我们的既定目标对于增进对宿主抗疟疾感染和抗严重疟疾的认识将非常重要。此外，从这项工作中获得的信息可能适用于其他传染病。

DESCRIPTION (provided by the applicant): Malaria causes more mortality globally than any other parasitic disease, yet a full understanding of protective immune responses and disease pathophysiology is lacking, and effective treatments for severe malaria are limited. Nitric oxide (NO) has antimicrobial effects in vitro against a wide variety of organisms including Plasmodium falciparum. In addition, NO has anti-disease effects against malaria in vivo. Our detailed field studies (in both African children and Indonesian adults) have shown a highly significant inverse association between disease severity and blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) inducible NO synthase (NOS2) expression and systemic NO production. We have discovered novel polymorphisms in NOS2 and related genes that are significantly associated with NO production and resistance to severe malaria. This proposal is designed to continue our NIH-funded work to clarify the role of NO in clinical immunity to malaria and protection from severe malaria. We will extend our current case-control studies in Tanzania and Irian Jaya to confirm the association of our newly identified polymorphisms with disease manifestations and severity, and we will undertake functional studies of these polymorphisms in healthy subjects and those with malaria. In longitudinal studies of patients with both severe and uncomplicated malaria, we will investigate the relationship between the ability of host PBMC to express NOS2 and the susceptibility to severe malaria. Our aims are (1) to characterize the association of novel NOS2 and related genetic polymorphisms with malaria disease severity in two separate populations; (2) to determine the functional significance of these malaria-related NOS2 polymorphisms (both in vitro and in vivo); and (3) in longitudinal studies, to determine whether PBMC NOS2 expression and activity relate directly to an individual's susceptibility to severe malaria. Accomplishing our stated goals will be very significant in adding to the understanding of host resistance to malaria infection and resistance to severe malaria. Also, information learned from this work will likely be applicable to other infectious diseases.