THE WELSH GOVERNMENT AND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY FOR WALES AND THE PROMOTION OF EQUALITY FOR DISABLED PEOPLE IN RESPECT OF INDEPENDENT LIVING.

在国内，《平等法案》在残疾歧视方面已经相对完善，除了马尔科姆的“逆转”之外，作为一项巩固法案，《平等法案》与1995年的《残疾人权利法案》相比几乎没有什么根本性的变化。因此，激进变革的范围可能在国内受到限制，在较小程度上通过欧洲法院——国内歧视律师攻击英国法律的传统焦点——来实现。然而，在Volkov诉乌克兰和IB诉希腊的案件中，欧洲人权法院将第8条及其定义本身引入了就业领域（尽管是在不公平解雇而不是歧视索赔的背景下）。因此，在Kiss诉匈牙利案中，法院和其他案件（如Glor和Kiyutin）强调了“立法陈规定型”的危险，在此之后，可以看到欧洲人权法院在就业领域的残疾歧视方面萌发了一种相对未被探索的法理。如果将此与欧盟于2010年12月23日批准的联合国公约的潜在影响联系起来，这不仅给了欧洲法院更大的空间，而且给了欧洲人权法院在判断基线标准和合理性方面更大的空间。此外，我想探讨的问题是，歧视权利通常是个人的，因此执行是个人的，因此往往受到情感和经济压力的限制。因此，我想从可得性和有效性两方面研究欧洲集体执行歧视权的情况，看看可以从其他司法管辖区吸取什么教训。（例如，在法国，工会对种族歧视有一项有限的权利，即集体追究歧视指控）。

Domestically, the Equality Act is now relatively well established in terms of disability discrimination and apart from the "reversal" of Malcolm as a consolidating Act brought little radically new from the DDA 1995. The scope for radical change is therefore probably limited domestically and to a lesser extent via the ECJ, the traditional focus of domestic discrimination lawyers attacks on UK law.However significantly in Volkov v Ukraine and IB v Greece the ECHR has brought Article 8 and by definition itself into the employment arena, (albeit in the unfair dismissal rather than discrimination claim context).Following on therefore from Kiss v Hungary in which the dangers of "legislative stereotyping" were highlighted by the Court and other cases (eg Glor and Kiyutin) it is possible to see the germination of a relatively unexplored jurisprudence in the ECHR in the disability discrimination in employment field.If one links this with the potential impact of the UN Convention ratified 23/12/2010 by the EU this not only gives the ECJ greater scope, but also the ECtHR in judging baseline standards and reasonableness.Further, I would like to explore the issue that discrimination rights are generally individual and thereby enforcement is individual and thereby often limited by emotional and financial pressures. I would therefore like to research the position, both in terms of availability and effectiveness, in respect of collective enforcement of discrimination rights in Europe and see what lessons could be learnt from other jurisdictions. (In France for example there is in race discrimination a limited right to pursue discrimination claims collectively by the TU).