Tracing the emergence of far right discourse in the UK mainstream

我的研究的目的是提供一个全面的分析，如何极右翼的语言已经出现在主流话语自1990年以来在英国。极右政党最近在整个欧洲的支持率有所上升。这种增长在学术文献中受到越来越多的关注，研究人员指出，“主流”对极右意识形态的“正常化”既是其日益流行的原因，也是其结果。许多人发现，这些政党的成功与主流政党的政策立场向极右翼转变之间存在因果关系，特别是在多元文化和移民等问题上。然而，很少有人注意到这些变化是如何随着时间的推移而发生的，以及它们与社会对可接受性和正常性的不断变化的观念有何关系。讨论政治思想的方式--所使用的框架、词汇和修辞--是理解极右意识形态日益突出的重要信息来源。尽管如此，还没有对极右翼对主流话语的影响进行系统的审查。鉴于政治话语新闻媒体对公共对话和公共政策的影响力，对政治话语新闻媒体的历史分析尤为迫切。英国极右派的话语特征是什么？2.极右翼对主流政治话语的累积影响是什么？英国政治家和记者谈论极右翼思想的方式是否与1990年不同？如果是，这些变化是如何进展的？主要的方法将是一个语料库知情的批评性话语分析（CDA）应用于现有的数据库（语料库）的英国报纸和政治演讲。语料库知情的CDA是语料库语言学（CL）和CDA（社会背景下语言使用的跨学科研究）的三角技术。这种方法涉及CL技术的递归序列，分析关键词频率和分散度，以建立关键主题，然后对一组较小的代表性文本进行批判性分析。这可以揭示语言数据中的模式，并揭示语言中的增量变化，这对于日常读者和只分析少量文本的学者来说是无法察觉的。这项研究将通过建立语言在规范化过程中的重要性来扩大极右翼研究的范围，超越边缘运动，关注主流社会，为媒体塑造政治思想和行动的力量提供新的见解。该项目将阐明语言意识的重要性，一个关键的优先事项将是让记者、政策制定者、慈善机构和智库从一开始就建立合作研究目标，并就公共传播和政策中的语言使用提供实用建议。因此，这项研究将使这些利益攸关方能够评估他们的修辞选择的影响，而此时利用极右翼话语可能会无意中加速他们的正常化。

The aim of my research is to provide a comprehensive analysis of how the language of the far right has emerged in mainstream discourse in the UK since 1990. Far right political parties have recently experienced a growth in support throughout Europe. This growth has received increasing attention in academic literature, and researchers have pointed to the "normalization" of far right ideologies by the "mainstream" as both a cause and consequence of their increasing popularity. Many have found a causal relationship between the success of these parties and the shifting of mainstream parties' policy positions towards the far right, particularly on issues such as multiculturalism and immigration. However, little attention has been paid to how these changes have occurred over time and how they relate to society's shifting notions of acceptability and normality. The way that political ideas are discussed - the frames, vocabulary and rhetoric used - is a significant source of information in understanding the increasing salience of far right ideologies. Despite this, a systematic review of the effect of the far right on mainstream discourse has not yet been conducted. A historical analysis of political discourse news media is particularly urgent, given its power to shape public conversation and public policy.This project will answer the following research questions:1. What are the discursive characteristics of the far right in the UK?2. What has been the cumulative effect of the far right on mainstream political discourse? Are British politicians and journalists talking about far right ideas in a different way than they were in 1990 and if so, how did these changes progress?The primary methodology will be a corpus-informed critical discourse analysis (CDA) applied to existing databases (corpora) of British newspapers and political speeches. Corpus-informed CDA is a triangulation of techniques from corpus linguistics (CL) - the quantitative analysis of large collections of machine-readable text - and CDA - the interdisciplinary study of language use in its social context. This methodology involves a recursive sequence of CL techniques, analysing keyword frequency and dispersion to establish key topics, followed by a critical analysis of a smaller set of representative texts. This can uncover patterns in linguistic data and reveal incremental shifts in language which would be imperceptible to everyday readers and to academics analysing only a small number of texts.This research will extend the scope of far-right studies by establishing the importance of language in the normalization process, going beyond marginal movements to focus on mainstream society and providing new insight into the power of media to shape political thought and action. This project will illuminate the importance of language awareness, and a key priority will be to engage journalists, policy-makers, charities and think tanks in establishing collaborative research aims from the outset and to provide practical recommendations with regards to language use in public communications and policies. The research will thereby allow these stakeholders to assess the impact of their rhetorical choices at a moment when the utilization of far-right discourse might unintentionally accelerate their normalization.