A comprehensive assessment of volcanic hazard and mitigation strategies at remote volcanoes: Manam, Papua New Guinea

马南是巴布亚新几内亚最活跃的火山之一。马南有能力全方位的火山灾害，包括火山碎屑流，熔岩流和火山灰沉积。因此，这座火山对居住在附近和更远地区的社区以及空中交通构成了重大风险。社会经济因素以及山顶喷口的海拔和地形阻碍了监测设备的安装，使近距离测量极具挑战性。该项目提议对Manam的火山危险进行系统评估，目的是为不同的火山爆发情况绘制全面的危险图和议定书。至关重要的是，该项目的一个组成部分将包括与当地社区协商的火山灾害沟通和规划的新方法，以及巴布亚新几内亚这些社区和决策者可以获得的产出。实地研究将包括评估脆弱性和对当地火山灾害的认识。将使用火山气体测量、地震学和卫星观测方法，以确定基线活动，查明任何喷发前兆信号和连锁灾害。基于无人机的战略将用于对气体和危险进行空中测量，有助于偏远火山研究的技术进步。

Manam is one of Papua New Guinea's most frequently active volcanoes. Manam is capable of a full spectrum of volcanic hazards including pyroclastic flows, lava flows and tephra deposition. As such this volcano poses significant risk to communities living close by and further afield as well as to air traffic. The installation of monitoring equipment has been impeded by social-economic factors and by the altitude and topography of the summit vents which make proximal measurements extremely challenging. This project proposes a systematic assessment of volcanic hazard at Manam with the aim to produce comprehensive hazard maps and protocols for different eruptive scenarios. Crucially, a component of this project will include novel methods for volcanic hazard communication and planning with consultation with the local communities and accessible outputs for these communities and policy makers in Papua New Guinea. Field research will include assessments of vulnerability and local volcanic hazard perceptions. Volcanic gas measurements, seismology and satellite observations methods will be used in order to establish baseline activity, identify any eruptive precursor signals and the cascading hazards. Drone-based strategies will utilised to take aerial measurements of gases and hazards contributing to technological advancement of research at remote volcanoes.