The British Exile: Memory and Trauma in the Works of Spanish Writers Exiled in Great Britain after the Spanish Civil War

由于其复杂的性质，西班牙流亡尚未得到必要的关注。此外，审查制度和国外出版的困难，以及其他原因，剥夺了流亡文学成为文学经典一部分的机会。此外，西班牙流亡者的文学作品除了挑战经典和展示对西班牙集体身份至关重要的历史事件的新视角外，还作为属于两种文化的混合创作，在跨国研究的背景下具有相关性。因此，流亡文学站在政治、历史和文学之间的一个不明确的空间，这有助于理解一个民族历史的复杂性。除了作为一种体裁本身存在的问题外，感言写作也存在类似的问题。尽管没有接收大量的西班牙难民，但英国吸引了西班牙知识分子，他们受益于流亡中的相对特权地位（尽管文化差异和西班牙的破坏仍然产生了深刻的疏离感）。这些情况不同于法国（难民在那里面临极端困难）或拉丁美洲（他们离得太远，不了解自己的国家）的情况，导致了对战争原因提供不同观点的证词的产生，并试图重建流亡的记忆。此外，由于这些证言的作者致力于其文学维度，这些证言也构成了艺术作品。研究的作品将是阿图罗·巴里亚的三部曲《叛逆的快乐》（1941 - 1944）、埃斯特班·萨拉查的《伦敦的快乐》（1947）和《瓦伦西亚的快乐》（1995）、何塞·安东尼奥·巴尔邦廷的《我的经历》（1952）和《我的印象》（2014），以及萨尔瓦多·德·马德里亚加的《联邦的纪念》（1967）和《纪念》（1921 - 1936）。Amanecer in media（1974）。他们是唯一一位完全在英国流亡的著名作家。此外，尽管他们的背景和意识形态不同，但他们有相似的流亡经历，这导致了相似的导向证词。流亡和记忆理论将为这一分析提供框架。乌加特（1989）认为，证词是流亡者弥补损失的生存需要的结果，而流亡是一种现象，在这种现象中，语言被视为比政治行动更有效的社会变革。同样，Soler-Sasera（2006）将证词描述为反对集体遗忘的道德债务，以及纪念那些无声者的一种练习。赛义德（2000）关于流亡者创伤经历所带来的对位视觉和外国视角意识的观点将阐明他们在英国流亡的影响。此外，根据Assmann（2008）的概念，“文化记忆”是一种“集体记忆的形式，它由许多人共享，并向这些人传达了一种集体，即文化，身份”，该项目将研究这些证词如何在构建文化记忆的同时使流亡者的身份得以恢复。

Due to its complex nature, the Spanish exile has not received the necessary attention yet. Moreover, censorship and the difficulties of publishing abroad, among other reasons, have denied exile literature the opportunity of becoming part of the literary canon. Furthermore, besides challenging the canon and displaying new perspectives about historical events which are crucial for the Spanish collective identity, Spanish exiles' literary works are relevant in the context of transnational studies as hybrid creations which belong to two cultures. Therefore, exile literature stands in an undefined space between politics, history and literature, which facilitates the understanding of the complexities of a people's history. Besides its problematic nature as a genre, testimonial writing presents similar issues. Despite not receiving numerous Spanish refugees, Britain attracted Spanish intellectuals who benefited from a relatively privileged position in exile (although the cultural difference and Spain's devastation still generated a profound sense of alienation). These conditions, different from those found in France (where refugees faced extreme difficulties) or in Latin America (where they were too far distant to know about their country), led to the creation of testimonies which offered different perspectives on the causes of the war and attempted to reconstruct the memory of exile. Moreover, as their authors worked on their literary dimension, these testimonies also constitute pieces of art. The works studied will be Arturo Barea's trilogy La forja de un Rebelde (1941 - 1944), Esteban Salazar's Perico en Londres (1947) and En aquella Valencia (1995), Jose Antonio Balbontin's La Espana de mi experiencia (1952) and Mis impresiones de Inglaterra (2014) and Salvador de Madariaga's Memorias de un federalista (1967) and Memorias (1921 - 1936). Amanecer sin mediodia (1974). These are the only well-known authors of published testimonies whose exile occurred entirely in Britain. Moreover, despite their diverse backgrounds and ideologies, they had similar exile experiences which resulted in similarly oriented testimonies. Theories of exile and memory will frame this analysis. Ugarte (1989) conceives testimonies as the result of the exiles' existential need of recovering their loss, and exile as a phenomenon where language is seen as more effective for social change than political action. Similarly, Soler-Sasera (2006) describes testimonies as a moral debt against collective oblivion and as an exercise in remembering those who were voiceless. Said's (2000) ideas on exiles' contrapuntal vision brought about by traumatic experiences and the awareness of foreign perspectives will elucidate the influence of their British exile. Furthermore, following Assmann's (2008) concept of 'cultural memory' as a 'form of collective memory in the sense that it is shared by a number of people and that it conveys to these people a collective, that is, cultural, identity', this project will study how these testimonies enabled the recuperation of exiles' identity while constructing cultural memory.