The Shrine and the Marketplace: Religious Materiality in London during the Long Fifteenth Century (1370-1530)

近年来，漫长的第十五世纪（C。1370-c.1530）受到了宗教和文学史学家的更多关注。随着历史学家们逐渐远离单一的英国宗教改革的观点，随着对中世纪晚期英国宗教的调查将非正统话语的极性放在一边，他们揭示了一个充满活力的时期，英语写作和其他文化生产，支持了广泛的世俗虔诚实践。这一点在现存的文物中得到了充分的证明。无数的书籍、衣服、徽章、艺术品和家庭物品都见证了宗教在家庭领域的实践方式。这是一个泛欧洲现象的一部分，在法国、意大利和低地国家的物品和社会运动中很明显。然而，15世纪的英国宗教史仍然以文本为主。我的研究将寻求联合收割机结合中世纪晚期伦敦丰富的文本证据与大量的幸存对象，以提供一个跨学科的洞察到城市的信仰文化和它的居民的lives.During我的研究过程中，我将探讨关键的研究问题：1）什么是中世纪晚期伦敦的信仰实践的关键要素？2)在这一时期，宗教实践是如何发展和变化的？3)在多大程度上是二分法往往围绕奉献，如拉丁语与白话/精英与流行/神职人员与俗人/前改革/改革实际上反映了奉献的做法？4)团体和个人如何提供服务和产品以促进灵修需要？5)更广泛的英语和欧洲背景如何影响伦敦的灵修实践？在追求这些目标的过程中，我的项目将寻求汇集一些关于中世纪物质文化、中世纪后期宗教以及中世纪伦敦周围的学术研究的迷人学术线索，以突出中世纪后期伦敦围绕信仰文化和实践的复杂网络。这将基于关键的历史分析。埃蒙·达菲（Eamon Duffy）关于宗教改革前英格兰的著作，特别是他的《祭坛的剥离》（The Stripping of the Altars），清楚地展示了宗教改革前英格兰复杂的灵修环境。芭芭拉·哈纳沃特和卡罗琳·巴伦全面讨论了伦敦的市民生活。哈纳沃特的重要工作的历史上的童年和历史的妇女在中世纪伦敦也提供了一个重要的出发点，分析性别之间的关系和奉献。重要的是，该项目将通过利用各种二手和一手资料，从广泛的社会角度考虑这些问题。例如，重要的工作已经做了历史学家考虑的社会重要性的圣地和朝圣在中世纪的英格兰。罗纳德·菲纽肯和雷切尔·库普曼斯通过他们对中世纪神殿记录的研究表明，布莱恩·斯宾塞在分析朝圣者徽章时强调了虔诚物品的背景。在过去的几十年里，关于中世纪物质文化的新兴文献将为我的研究提供重要的考古和历史背景。我将尽可能地将这些不同的史学线索汇集在一起，这不仅会提供新的学术见解，而且还可以更容易地传播给学术界以外的更广泛的群体。然而，我将寻求不仅把历史学的元素放在一起，而且不同的历史来源和方法。文字证据与物质文化的融合将尤为重要。因此，我想利用这些不同的来源和它们的内容来研究不同的社会阶层，看看不同的社会群体在消费奉献物品时如何相互影响。

In recent years the long fifteenth century (c. 1370-c.1530) has received moreattention from historians of religion and literature. As historians move away from a view of a singularEnglish Reformation, and as inquiries into late medieval English religion put aside the polarity of heterodox discourse, they reveal a period vibrant with writing and other cultural production in English, which supported a wide range of lay devotional practices. This is amply evidenced in surviving artefacts. A myriad of books, clothes, badges, artworks and domestic objects bear witness to the way religion was practiced in the domestic sphere. This was part of a pan-European phenomenon, evident in objects and social movements in France, Italy and the Low Countries. However, histories of fifteenth-century English religion are still overwhelmingly textual. My research would seek to combine the abundant textual evidence of late medieval London with the plethora of surviving objects to provide an interdisciplinary insight into the devotional culture of the city and the lives of its denizens.During the course of my research I will explore key research questions:1) What were key elements of devotional practice in late Medieval London?2) How did devotional practices develop and change during this period?3) To what extent are the dichotomies often drawn around devotion such as Latin vs Vernacular/ Elite vs Popular/ Clergy vs Laity/ Pre-Reformation/ Reformation actually reflective of devotional practice?4) How did groups and individuals provide services and products to facilitate devotional needs?5) How did wider English and European contexts inform devotional practice in London?In pursuing these aims, my project would seek to draw together a number of strands of fascinating scholarship on Material Culture in the Middle Ages, religion in the later Middle Ages, and scholarship around medieval London, to highlight the complex networks at play surrounding devotional culture and practice in Later Medieval London. This would be based on key historical analyses. Eamon Duffy's work on pre-Reformation England, and in particular his book The Stripping of the Altars, clearly showcases the complex devotional environment of pre-reformation England. Barbara Hanawalt and Caroline Barron have comprehensively discussed the civic life of London. Hanawalt's important work on the history of childhood and the history of Women in Medieval London also provides an important starting point for analysing the relationship between gender and devotion. Importantly, this project will allow through its utilisation of a variety of both secondary and primary sources to consider these issues from a broad social perspective. For instance, Important work has been done by historians considering the social importance of shrines and pilgrimage in Medieval England. Ronald Finucane and Rachel Koopmans have shown through their works on medieval shrine records, that Brian Spencer has highlighted the contexts of devotional objects in his analysis pilgrim badges. The burgeoning literature on Medieval Material Culture which has developed in the last few decades will provide important archaeological and historical contexts for my research. I would seek to draw these diverse historiographical strands together where possible, which will not only provide new academic insight but also allow for easier dissemination to wider groups outside of academia. I will seek however to not only draw elements of histography together, but different historical sources and methods. The fusion of written evidence and material culture will be particularly important. I would like therefore to use these varied sources and their contents to work across social strata, and to see how different social groups may have influenced each other in their consumption of devotional objects.