Does School Diversity and Intergroup Relations Impact Social Cohesion Among Youths?

移民的增加改变了英国的种族构成。多样性的影响引起了人们对以下几个结果的关注：社会资本、群体内冲突、公民参与和政治参与以及信任。我的项目将研究学校的种族多样性与儿童的态度（移民，群体内偏见，信任）和行为（投票意向，志愿服务）之间的关系，重点是积极和消极的互动以及父母的态度如何影响行为和态度。研究问题：1.学校的种族多样性与儿童的态度和行为之间有什么关系？2.积极的（接触）和消极的（威胁）互动扮演什么角色？3.父母的态度和行为能解释孩子的行为吗？4.这些过程是否因种族群体和多样性的操作而异？文学社区种族多样性对社会资本有负面影响（普特南，2006）。这些发现支持了“冲突”理论，表明随着社会变得更加多样化，人们感到越来越多的威胁和对资源，象征和地位的竞争。相比之下，“接触”理论认为种族和民族多样性可以通过使个人与外群体接触来减少偏见。积极的群际接触有效地减少偏见，群际焦虑，和感知的威胁，因为可能已经发展与增加多样性的威胁的看法是抵消了积极的群际接触，和负面影响被抑制更积极的。社会学习理论认为，儿童模仿父母的行为，增加他们的亲社会倾向，公民参与和政治偏好。因此，需要在学校、家庭和邻里一级探讨接触和代际传递对儿童的作用。OriginalityMy work will make original，substantial and methodological contributions：首先，学者们关注了多样性的负面后果，忽视了积极因素。该项目将结合可能形成社会凝聚力的积极（群体间接触）和消极（威胁）互动。第二，大多数多样性研究使用的是横截面数据。该项目将使用纵向数据来解释学校环境和儿童行为/态度的动态过程，增加事件时间顺序的因果关系。第三，多样性对儿童的影响尚未得到探讨。学校是一个缩影，孩子们的大量时间和社会化发生，这些经验对他们的成年生活产生持久的影响。意义：该项目将处理种族、歧视、儿童发展、代际传承和群体间关系以及社会凝聚力等重要问题。这对政策制定者和地方/国家政府具有重要意义。主要的学术受益者将是来自社会学、社会政策、心理学、经济学和政治学的研究人员。公众、家长、教师和儿童也将从中受益，因为它将提高对关键问题的认识，并针对解决平等、歧视和隔离问题的倡议，目的是促进容忍和开放。我将模拟学校和家庭随着时间的推移对个人和环境的影响。监控系统收集重要的行为和态度信息，包括被忽视的问题，如代际联系、家庭的社会生态和学校教育。我将使用多层次，纵向和结构方程建模方法，将占异质性，消极和积极的相互作用和社会凝聚力之间的累积相互作用。

Increases in migration have altered the UK's ethnic composition. The effects of diversity have raised concerns regarding several outcomes: social capital, in-group conflict, civic engagement and political participation, and trust. My project will examine the relationship between the ethnic diversity of schools and children's attitudes (immigration, in-group bias, trust) and behaviours (voting intentions, volunteering), focusing on how positive and negative interactions and parental attitudes influence behaviours and attitudes.Research Questions:1. What is the relationship between the ethnic diversity of schools and children's attitudes and behaviours?2. What role do positive (contact) and negative (threat) interactions play?3. Do parental attitudes and behaviours explain their children's?4. Do these processes vary across ethnic groups and operationalisations of diversity? Literature Neighbourhood ethnic diversity has negative effects on social capital (Putnam, 2006). These findings support 'conflict' theory, suggesting that as societies become more diverse, people perceive a growing threat and competition for resources, symbols and status. In contrast, 'contact' theory suggests racial and ethnic diversity can reduce prejudice by bringing individuals into contact with out-groups. Positive intergroup contact effectively reduces prejudice, intergroup anxiety, and perceived threat because perceptions of threat that may have developed with increased diversity are offset by positive intergroup contact, and negative effects are suppressed by more positive ones. Social Learning Theory suggests that children model the behaviours of their parents, increasing their propensity to be prosocial, civically engaged and their political preferences. Thus, the role of contact and intergenerational transmission in relation to children require exploring at the school, household and neighbourhood level.OriginalityMy work will make original, substantive and methodological contributions: First, scholars have focused on the negative consequences of diversity, overlooking positive factors. This project will incorporate positive (intergroup contact) and negative (threat) interactions that may shape social cohesion. Second, most diversity research uses cross-sectional data. This project will use longitudinal data to account for the dynamic processes in school contexts and child behaviour/attitudes, increasing the causal claims due to the time ordering of events. Third, the effects of diversity on children have not been explored. Schools are a microcosm where a significant amount of children's time and socialisation occurs, such experiences have a lasting effect on their adult lives. Significance:This project will address important issues on ethnicity, discrimination, child development, intergenerational transmission and intergroup relations and social cohesion. It is significant to policy makers and local/national governments. The main academic beneficiaries will be researchers from sociology, social policy, psychology, economics and political science. The general public, parents, teachers and children will also benefit, as it will raise awareness of key issues and target initiatives addressing equality, discrimination and segregation, with the aim of promoting tolerance and openness.Methodology:This project will use longitudinal data from a representative sample of 18,819 children, their families and schools within the Millennium Cohort Study. I will model the individual and contextual effects of schools and households over time. The MCS captures important behavioural and attitudinal information and includes neglected issues such as intergenerational links, the socio-ecology of the family, and schooling. I will use multilevel, longitudinal and structural equation modelling approaches that will account for the cumulative interplay between heterogeneity, negative and positive interactions and social cohesion.