Intent to cause distress: Theorizing the rise and impact of non-consensual pornography

最近，在#MeToo和#TimesUp等运动中，性暴力的证词激增，这让人们了解了多种形式的虐待的影响。随着越来越多的人呼吁立法禁止扒裙底和嘘声等暴力行为，性暴力已被视为多方面的。未经双方同意的色情作品可以纳入这一不断扩大的性暴力定义，该定义寻求对身体自主、物化和情感有更深的理解。承认和理解政治科学中这种连续的性暴力从未像现在这样重要。自2014年以来，“复仇色情”一直是一个争论的话题，尽管英国在2015年4月通过了将其定为刑事犯罪的立法，但对复仇色情和更广泛的非自愿性色情问题的了解仍然很少，并且没有对这一现象进行实质性的女权主义政治研究。我的项目希望能弥补这一奖学金缺口。2016年，我完成了一项研究，探索非自愿色情作品的兴起，重点关注幸存者是女性、犯罪者是男性的案例。然而，这一定义过于狭隘，忽视了不符合与性别和性有关的规范的情况，并强调了需要采取交叉方法。因此，本研究旨在探讨对非自愿性色情及其影响的分析如何有助于对身体政治的女权主义分析。它将考虑新自由主义文化和社交媒体的扩散在多大程度上影响了未经同意的色情作品的兴起，以及社会对身体性感图像的看法，并询问未经同意的色情作品及其影响对女权主义的未来意味着什么。我将采用一种交叉的女权主义方法来解构、打断和重建我们对非自愿色情的理解。该项目将使用定性混合方法，主要依靠案例研究分析和访谈。这种混合方法将通过羞辱和分享身体图像来强调持续不断的暴力和伤害，同时对未经同意的色情内容及其扩散和影响进行女权主义分析。在我最初的研究中，我关注的是女权主义者关于权力、自由和选择的理想如何与现有的关于性、身体和性的社会规范产生紧张关系，并体现在非自愿色情等问题上。经典的女权主义文本强调了性的双重标准和性欲亢进等问题。这个项目的范围将为探索从这项研究中出现的进一步问题创造空间。需要进一步分析的三个关键领域是，情感和羞耻，身体的调节和纪律，最后是身体的所有权。首先，由于非自愿性色情依赖于通过性行为和身体对受害者的羞辱，我将借鉴阿伦特（1958）的文献来分析羞耻，并说明为什么非自愿性色情如此有效。我将试图发现性别、羞耻感和性是如何与种族、性和体型的交叉点相互作用，从而产生情感，使非自愿的色情内容如此有害。其次，必须分析色情、营销、美貌和选择等因素。当代的性激进主义已经与资本主义原则融合在一起，性化文化被誉为解放的标志，掩盖了在复仇色情等现象中理解身体调节的重要性。最后，需要理解身体的所有权和媒体在私人性化图像中对身体的复制。在一个利用科技和互联网很容易拍摄和上传照片的环境中，对这一点的分析很重要，因为这提供了一个身体经常被分享和羞辱的环境。

The recent surge in testimonies of sexual violence in movements such as #MeToo and #TimesUp have shed a light on the impact of multiple forms of abuse. Sexual violence has come to be seen as multi-faceted with increasing calls for laws against violent acts such as up-skirting and catcalling. Non-consensual pornography can be incorporated within this widening definition of sexual violence which seeks a deeper understanding of body autonomy, objectification and emotion. The acknowledgment and understanding of this continuum of sexual violence in political science has never been more important. 'Revenge-porn' has been a subject of debate since 2014 and whilst the UK passed legislation criminalising it in April 2015, revenge-porn and the wider issue of non-consensual pornography remains poorly understood and there has been no substantial feminist political research into the phenomenon. My project hopes to speak to this gap in the scholarship. In 2016, I completed research exploring the rise of non-consensual pornography, focusing on cases in which the survivor was female and the perpetrator male. However, this definition is too narrow, invisibilising cases which do not conform to norms relating to gender and sexuality and highlighted the need for an intersectional approach. This research therefore aims to explore how an analysis of non-consensual pornography and its impact can contribute to a feminist analysis of the politics of the body. It will consider how far neoliberal culture and the proliferation of social media has impacted the rise of non-consensual pornography, and the social perception of sexualised images of bodies and ask what non-consensual pornography and its impact means for the future of feminism. I will take an intersectional feminist approach in order to deconstruct, interrupt and rebuild how we understand non-consensual pornography. The project will use a qualitative mixed method approach primarily depending case study analysis and interviews. This mixed method approach will highlight the ongoing continuum of violence and harm through the shaming and sharing of images of the body along with a feminist analysis of non-consensual pornography and its proliferation and effect. In my initial research I focused on how feminist ideals of empowerment, freedom and choice created tensions with existing societal norms around sexuality, bodies and sex and became embodied in issues like non-consensual pornography. Classic feminist texts highlighted issues such as the sexual double standard and hyper sexuality. The scope of this project will create the space to explore further questions that emerged from this research. Three key areas for further analysis are, emotion and shame, regulation and discipline of the body and lastly ownership of the body.Firstly, as non-consensual pornography relies on the shaming of its victims through their sexuality and bodies I will draw on literature by Arendt (1958) to analyse shame and show why non-consensual pornography is so effective. I will seek to discover how gender, shame and sex interact with intersections of race, sexuality and body types to generate emotions which make non-consensual pornography so harmful. Secondly, it is essential to analyse factors such as pornography, marketing, beauty and choice. Contemporary sex radicalism has been amalgamated with capitalist principles and sexualised culture is celebrated as a sign of liberation, overshadowing the importance of understanding the regulation of bodies in phenomenon like revenge-porn. Finally, an understanding of ownership of the body and the media reproduction of it in private sexualised images is required. The analysis of this is important in an environment where photographs are so easily taken and uploaded using technology and the internet, providing an environment where bodies are so often shared and shamed.