STATE DEPENDENT ASPECTS OF COGNITION

我们的节目重点关注睡眠和睡眠之间的功能相互作用 醒着的。在这里提出的工作中，我们提出两个一般性问题：1) 睡眠对后续学习和联想记忆的影响 2.醒着；及清醒时的认知如何影响随后的 睡了吗？在我们程序的两个部分中，我们在很大程度上依赖于一个新的便携式 睡眠监测系统，睡前酒。使用这个设备，我们能够 要监测家中的睡眠-觉醒状态，或者收集精神状态 在计算机启动唤醒后报告或执行认知测试 从快速眼动和非快速眼动睡眠。 在这里报道的研究中，我们发现在语义上的表现 启动任务在从REM睡眠中唤醒后改变， 强素数和弱素数的相对有效性颠倒；在这些下 条件“弱质数”实际上比“强质数”产生更多的启动 (t=2.51，p=0.01)。我们现在提出新的研究来区分 素数效应对素数强度的影响 两性关系。 我们还报告了新的结果，表明程序性学习，衡量 通过一夜之间对视觉辨别任务(VDT)的改进， 与(r=0.79，p=0.002)高度相关，成正比 夜间最后一刻的快速眼动睡眠时间，6-8小时 训练后，但与数量完全不相关(r=0.02，p=0.96) 在训练后的6小时内，在夜间较早的时间内快速眼动睡眠。 该“关键快速眼动时间窗”的时间对应于 在Karni和Sagi(1993)提出的6小时潜伏期之后， 学习VDT是在醒着的时候进行的。我们将检验这一假设 VDT在睡眠或清醒状态下的长期改善取决于 胆碱能驱动的新皮质记忆痕迹强化 培训后6-8小时的关键期。 初步研究进一步表明，关于VDT的培训有 对睡眠的相互影响，导致睡眠时间增加25% VDT训练后夜间的快速眼动睡眠。我们建议 扩展这些研究以检验REM增加的假设 睡眠主要发生在关键的REM窗口期间，这是一种响应 最近的、不稳定的、对胆碱敏感的记忆的存在。 最后，我们建议确定视觉的哪些方面 辨别任务实际上导致了REM的增加。

Our program focuses on the functional interactions between sleep and waking. In the work proposed here, we ask two general questions: 1.) How does sleep affect learning and associative memory in subsequent waking; and 2.) How does cognition during waking affect subsequent sleep? In both parts of our program we rely heavily on a new portable sleep monitoring system, the Nightcap. Using this device, we are able to monitor sleep-wake states in the home and either collect mentation reports or carry out cognitive tests after computer-initiated awakenings from REM and NREM sleep. In studies reported here, we have found that performance on a semantic priming task is altered following awakenings from REM sleep, with the relative efficacy of strong and weak primes reversed; under these conditions "weak primes" actually produce more priming than "strong primes" (t=2.51, p=0.01). We now propose new studies to distinguish the effects of strength of prime from the effects of prime-target relationships. We also report new results showing that procedural learning, measured by the overnight improvement on a visual discrimination task (VDT), is highly correlated with (r=0.79, p=0.002) and directly proportional to the amount of REM sleep in the last quarter of the night, 6 - 8 hr post-training, but totally uncorrelated (r=0.02, p=0.96) with the amount of REM sleep in earlier portions of the night, up to 6 hr post-training. The timing of this "critical REM window" corresponds to the time following a 6 hr latent period proposed by Karni and Sagi (1993) when learning of the VDT occurs in waking. We will test the hypothesis that long-term improvement on the VDT in sleep or waking is dependent On the cholinergically driven reinforcement of neocortical memory traces during a critical period 6 - 8 hr post-training. Preliminary studies have further shown that training on the VDT has a reciprocal effect on sleep, leading to a 25 percent increase in the amount of REM sleep during the night following VDT training. We propose to extend these studies to test the hypothesis that the increased REM sleep occurs primarily during the critical REM window and is a response to the presence of recent, unstable, cholinergically sensitive memories. Finally, we propose to determine which aspects of the visual discrimination task actually lead to the REM increase.