Conduct Disorder and Depression in Childhood

描述（由申请人提供）：行为障碍（CD）和抑郁症是 儿童和青少年时期的高度共病状况。科摩罗是 与几种不良后果的风险增加相关，包括社会 拒绝，滥用药物，焦虑症，自杀然而，由于许多 在这个领域的现存研究中， 相对而言，我们对导致这些疾病的作用机制知之甚少， 观察到的并发症发生率。此外，一些似是而非的 替代品获得。确定这些机制中的哪一个在起作用是可能的 需要应用几种通常不被 在科摩罗文学迄今为止。其中包括（a） 区分儿童期发作和儿童期发作CD，（B）扩展 共同发展研究的范围包括生物和生理 措施，（c）产生和测试共混物的机械理论，以及 (d)研究并发症的发展及其相关症状 纵向。在拟议的研究中，这些问题中的每一个都将是 在一项研究中，包括儿童期发病的行为障碍，抑郁， 共病（行为障碍+抑郁）和对照青少年前期，年龄 8-12.在这个年龄范围内进行的研究至关重要，因为它代表了一个 犯罪、抑郁和物质使用不断升级的时期， 共同发生。根据情绪调节理论（Porges，1995）和 动机（Gray，1982 a，1982 b，1987 a，1987 b）， 将评估参与者的心理生理反应， 奖励、惩罚和社会威胁的条件。此外，广泛 与父母进行家庭史访谈，并对儿童进行评估。 犯罪，抑郁症的症状，以及物质使用将在每个 三个一年的间隔。利用这些数据，以下具体目标将 （1）阐明自主神经系统活动的模式， 通过评估适当的心理生理学指标， 行为抑制（惩罚期间的皮肤电反应）， 行为激活（奖励期间的心脏射血前期）和情绪 调节（社会威胁期间的呼吸性窦性心律失常）;（2）评估 自主反应的发展轨迹， 并将这些轨迹与父母的背景特征联系起来， 父母的做法;（3）评估儿童的发展轨迹 物质使用模式，并检查自主神经的潜在中介作用 在父母和孩子使用之间的关系。支持程度 应该进一步了解CD，抑郁症， 和他们的合并症，并可能有区别对待的影响， 抑郁先证者有和没有共病CD。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Conduct Disorder (CD) and depression are highly comorbid conditions in childhood and adolescence. This comorbidity is associated with increased risk for several adverse outcomes, including social rejection, substance use, anxiety disorders, and suicide. However, because much of the extant research in this area has been conducted at the symptom level, relatively little is known about the mechanisms of action that are responsible for the observed rates of comorbidity. Moreover, a number of plausible alternatives obtain. Identifying which of these mechanisms is at work is likely to require the application of several strategies that have generally not been employed in the comorbidity literature to date. These include (a) distinguishing between childhood-onset and adolescent-onset CD, (b) expanding the scope of comorbidity research to include biological and physiological measures, (c) generating and testing mechanistic theories of comorbidity, and (d) studying the development of comorbidity and its associated symptoms longitudinally. In the proposed research, each of these issues will be addressed in a study including childhood-onset conduct-disordered, depressed, comorbid (conduct-disordered + depressed), and control preadolescents, ages 8-12. Studies conducted within this age range are critical, as it represents a period of escalating delinquency, depression, and substance use, which often co-occur. Following from theories of emotion regulation (Porges, 1995) and motivation (Gray, 1 982a, 1 982b, 1 987a, 1 987b), patterns of psychophysiological responding will be assessed in participants during conditions of reward, punishment, and social threat. In addition, extensive family history interviews with be conducted with parents, and measures of child delinquency, symptoms of depression, and substance use will be obtained at each of three one-year intervals. Using these data, the following Specific Aims will be pursued: (1) elucidate patterns of autonomic nervous system activity within and across groups through assessment of appropriate psychophysiological markers of behavioral inhibition (electrodermal responding during punishment), behavioral activation (cardiac pre-ejection period during reward), and emotion regulation (respiratory sinus arrhythmia during social threat); (2) assess developmental trajectories in autonomic responding within and across disorders, and relate these trajectories to parental background characteristics and parenting practices; and (3) assess developmental trajectories in child substance use patterns, and examine the potential mediating roles of autonomic responding in relations between parental and child use. Findings obtained should further our understanding of the autonomic substrates of CD, depression, and their comorbidity, and may have differential treatment implications for depressed probands who do and do not present with comorbid CD.