Development, violence, and resistance: the impact of British foreign policy and natural resource extraction in Colombia, 1986 - 2016

本研究将重点关注1986年至2016年间英国在哥伦比亚的外国干预与私人采掘业之间的关系，以及其对哥伦比亚卡萨纳雷省和拉瓜吉拉省当地社区的影响。1986年，英国石油公司开始在哥伦比亚卡萨纳雷省进行石油勘探。在十年内，BP的Cupiagua和Cusiana油田成为哥伦比亚石油繁荣的前沿（Pearce, 2004）。2002年，必和必拓（BHP Billiton）、英美资源集团（Anglo-American）和嘉能可（Glencore）组成的财团收购了位于La Guajira的Cerrejón煤矿的全部所有权（Chomsky, Leech, and Striffler, 2007）。当时，它是世界上最大的露天煤矿，产量占哥伦比亚煤炭总产量的一半，煤炭是哥伦比亚仅次于石油的最大出口产品（同上）。英国的国家干预始于1989年的毒品战争（HO534-28: 1989），到2003年，英国已成为哥伦比亚第二大军事和警察援助捐助国。该项目将研究英国外交政策和采掘业利益的交集如何影响卡萨纳雷和瓜吉拉两个重要的英国飞地经济内的社区。

This study will focus on the relationship between British foreign intervention and private extractive operations in Colombia between 1986 and 2016, and its impact on local communities in the Colombian departments of Casanare and La Guajira. In 1986, British Petroleum began oil exploration in the Colombian department of Casanare. Within a decade, BP's Cupiagua and Cusiana oilfields were at the forefront of Colombia's oil boom (Pearce, 2004). In 2002, a consortium of BHP Billiton, Anglo-American, and Glencore acquired total ownership of the Cerrejón coal mine in La Guajira (Chomsky, Leech, and Striffler, 2007). At this time, it was the world's largest open-pit coal mine producing half of Colombia's total coal output, and coal represented Colombia's largest export only after petroleum (Ibid.). British state intervention began in 1989 within the context of the drug war (HO534-28: 1989) and, by 2003, Britain was Colombia's second largest donor of military and police assistance. This project will examine how the intersection of British foreign policy and extractive interests impacted communities within two vital British enclave economies in Casanare and La Guajira.