Surface ponds on debris-covered glaciers, High Mountain Asia

该项目将包括实地考察、陆地和卫星遥感以及数值模拟，以调查池塘和湖泊及其相关的冰崖在亚洲高山地区被碎片覆盖的冰川融化过程中的作用。它将以SPRI和苏黎世联邦理工学院最近的合作工作为基础，主要集中在尼泊尔的朗塘流域，并包括其他冰川表面、地形和气候形成对比的地区。将对特定冰川上的特定池塘进行现场监测，以了解其填充和排水行为以及能量收支特征（与大气、水中以及与邻近冰崖和碎屑覆盖的底部之间的辐射和湍流能量转移）。测量结果将用于改进/验证现有的小规模池塘过程模型。陆地和/或机载（无人机）光学图像将用于监测池塘范围的变化，图像和现场测量将用于开发计算池塘深度的算法，以便在冰川尺度上计算可变的池塘体积。这些信息将与卫星遥感（光学- Landsat & Sentinel 2；雷达- Sentinel 1）相结合，以估计大区域内湖泊面积、深度和体积在空间和时间上的变化。这一边界条件将与缩小尺度的区域气候学一起用于估算横跨HMA的池塘和湖泊对冰川物质平衡的作用。将提供以下方面的培训：现场仪器；地面和空中运动结构；光学和雷达图像处理；数值模拟;编程（MATLAB, JavaScript, Python，谷歌Earth Engine）；冰川学;现场安全。

This project will involve fieldwork, terrestrial and satellite remote sensing, and numerical modelling to investigate the role of ponds and lakes, and their associated ice cliffs, on the melting of debris-covered glaciers across High Mountain Asia. It will build on recent collaborative work between SPRI and ETH, Zurich, which focused exclusively on the Langtang catchment, Nepal, to include other areas of contrasting glacier surface, topography, and climate. Specific ponds on particular glaciers will be monitored in situ for their filling & draining behaviour & energy budget characteristics (radiative & turbulent energy transfer with the atmosphere, within the water, & with adjacent ice cliffs & debris covered bottoms). The measurements will be used to improve / validate existing small-scale pond process models. Terrestrial and/or airborne (drone) optical imagery will be used to monitor variations in pond extent, & the imagery & in situ measurements will be used to develop algorithms for calculating pond depths, so that variable pond volumes can be calculated at the glacier scale. This information will be combined with satellite remote sensing (optical - Landsat & Sentinel 2; & radar - Sentinel 1) to estimate spatially and temporally varying pond areas, depths and volumes across large regions. This, boundary condition will be used together with downscaled regional climatologies to estimate the role of ponds and lakes on glacier mass balance across HMA. Training will be provided in: Field instrumentation; Terrestrial and airborne structure-from-motion; Optical and radar image processing; Numerical modelling; Programming (MATLAB, JavaScript, Python, Google Earth Engine); Glaciology; Field Safety.